. 

.•  ,.   .-    . 


THE  ]  [BRAKY 


THE  UNIVERSITY 


OF  CALIFORNIA 


LOS  ANGELES 


GIFT  OF 

Mrs.  Ben  B.  Lindsey 


JONATHAN  UPGLADE 


BY 


WILFRID  EARL  CHASE 


COPYRIGHT,  1906, 
BY  WILFRID  EARL  CHASE 


Printed  by  CANTWBLL  PRINTING  Co. 


Published  by  W.  E.  CHASE,  Madison,  Wisconsin 
Price,  $1.25 


AC 


CONTENTS 

PACK 

MY  DECISION   .........  5 

MY  PHILOSOPHY     ........  7 

AROUND  OUR  SQUARE   ......  15 

THE  TREATMENT  OF  ANIMALS      ...  43 

SUGGESTIONS  REGARDING  CITIES    .    .  77 

SCHOOLS    ...........  91 

THE  SEX  PROBLEM    .......  109 

CHURCH  DISCIPLINE   .......  137 

UPLIFT  SOCIETIES     .......  151 

IF  I  HAD  A  GREAT  FORTUNE  ....  165 

VIVISECTION  175 


110G2G1 


MY  DECISION 

It  is  early  June — to  me  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful times  of  the  year.  I  have  rowed  across 
the  lake,  and  here,  out  of  the  world  of  men,  I 
am.  The  hour  set  for  my  decision  is  at  hand; 
it  finds  me  seated  on  the  green  bank  beneath 
the  spreading  lindens. 

The  leaves  above  me  seem  to  murmur,  "Be 
true  to  that  'low  whisper'  within  thee".  The 
spring  that  wells  up  at  my  feet  utters,  in  rip- 
pling notes,  the  same  inspiring  words.  The 
goldfinch  sings,  with  exquisite  sweetness  and 
tenderness,  the  same  words,  "Be  true  to  that 
'low  whisper'  within  thee". 

Two  careers  lie  before  me,  and  the  time  to 
choose  has  come!  Thanks  to  you,  leaves, 
waters,  birds,  and  all  else  so  kind  and  beauti- 
ful! Thanks  to  you,  you  make  it  easier  for 
me!  Still,  I  knew  well  enough  when  I  pushed 
my  boat  from  the  opposite  shore,  what  my  de- 
cision would  be ;  and  may  I  not  say  that  months 
ago,  yes,  years  ago,  I  knew  that  it  would  come 


Jonathan  Upglade 

at  last  to  such  an  hour  as  this  and  that  I  should 
decide — aright? 

Yes,  two  careers  lie  before  me! 

The  one,  the  career  of  a  minister  of  a  fash- 
ionable church,  keeping  within  the  bounds  of 
convention,  carefully  avoiding  any  act  that 
would  jeopard  his  popularity  or  position,  doing 
a  small  good  where  he  might  do  a  great  one. 

The  other  career,  that  of  a  man  who  bravely 
stands  upon  his  feet  and  says:  "The  age  in 
which  I  live  is  semi-barbarous!  Its  ideals  are 
low,  and  should  be  raised!  True  men  are 
needed!  Henceforth,  tho  popularity  and  posi- 
tion be  denied  me,  I  will  be  a  true  man,  I  will 
speak  the  truth!" 

Yes,  the  hour  is  come,  and  I  say,— "I  will  be 
a  true  man!  I  will  speak  the  truth!  And,  if 
necessary,  I  shall  fight  the  battle  out  alone!'' 
But  it  is  not  necessary,  for  well  I  know  that  at 
least  a  few  kindred  spirits  are  in  sympathy 
with  my  work,  and  lend  their  influence,  tho  it 
is  partly  silent,  to  aid  me. 


MY  PHILOSOPHY 

Last  Sunday  I  announced  that  today  I 
should  preach  a  sermon  of  special  importance 
— a  sermon  that  probably  would  be  a  surprise 
to  you.  I  am  glad  to  see  that  you  have  shown 
your  interest  by  attending  in  unusually  large 
numbers. 

Nearly  five  years  ago  I  came  to  this  city  as 
the  newly  called  minister  of  this  church.  I 
came  with  a  desire  to  do  good  service  and  with 
a  moderate  amount  of  enthusiasm.  I  have 
preached  sermons  that  seem  to  have  been  ac- 
ceptable, and  have  tried  to  perform  the  various 
social  duties  of  a  minister.  Few  complaints 
have  reached  me,  and  I  think  few  have  been 
made.  I  think  the  general  opinion  of  my  con- 
gregation and  of  the  city  at  large  is  that  my 
work  has  been  successful.  Probably  I  have 
done  considerable  good,  but — I  could  have 
served  you  ten  times  better  except  for  one  rea- 
son. How  many  of  you  can  guess  that  reason  t 
I  shall  state  it  painly:— it  is  for  the  reason 


Jonathan  Upglade 

that  I  have  been  a  coward!  Yes,  a  coward! 
Until  ten  days  ago  I  was  a  coward,  and  then  I 
made  up  my  mind  to  be  one  no  longer.  Last 
Sunday  I  announced  this  special  sermon  of 
today,  and  here  I  stand  before  you  prepared 
to  speak  the  truth. 

Do  you  wonder  why  a  minister  should  be 
tempted  to  cowardice?  Do  you  wonder  why 
he  should  be  tempted  to  speak  anything  but 
the  truth?  Remember,  a  minister  is  simply  a 
man,  with  the  weaknesses  and  wants  of  other 
men. 

What  are  some  of  the  things  that  make  cow- 
ards of  most  men?  Perhaps  the  greatest  is  the 
fear  of  seeming  odd,  of  being  laughed  at,  of 
being  sneered  at,  of  being  avoided  by  acquaint- 
ances. Probably  the  next  greatest  is  the  fear 
that  manly,  original  action  will  jeopard  posi- 
tion or  injure  business. 

Take  my  case.  Suppose  that  with  perfect 
bravery  and  honesty  I  attack  evil  wherever  I 
see  it  even  tho  it  be  among  fashionable,  influ- 
ential members  of  this  church?  Shall  I  not 
be  called  a  "crank",  a  fool,  a  sensationalist, 
and  what  not?  Will  not  some  people  avoid 
me,  or  when  that  is  inconvenient  greet  me  sul- 
lenly or  else  with  that  little,  nervous,  forced 
laugh  that  any  man  of  insight  knows  is  hollow  ? 


My  Philosophy 

Now  as  to  the  financial  part.  I  am  receiving 
a  good  salary,  and  my  work  has  not  been  par- 
ticularly hard.  In  short,  my  position  is  gen- 
erally considered  a  very  desirable  one.  If  I 
keep  safely  within  the  bounds  of  convention 
and  preach  sermons  that  are  acceptable,  I  shall 
be  popular  and  retain  my  position.  What  if 
I  stand  up  bravely  and  say  what  is  in  my 
mind— then  what  will  happen?  Soon  we  shall 
see  what  will  happen! 

I  am  not  a  fanatic,  nor  am  I  attempting  to 
create  a  sensation.  I  simply  am  tired  of  being 
a  coward.  Henceforth  I  mean  to  be  a  man, 
even  tho  popularity  may  desert  me  and  posi- 
tion be  denied  me. 

Many  ministers  are  brave,  honest,  practical 
men,  but  I  believe  that  most  ministers  are 
more  or  less  lacking  in  these  qualities.  They 
choose  a  text,  utter  some  general  statements, 
and  repeat  a  prayer  or  two.  So  it  goes  on 
from  week  to  week.  Much  good  is  done  on  the 
whole,  but  not  enough  good  is  done.  Personal 
allusions  are  carefully  avoided.  Passages  from 
the  Bible  are  discussed,  and  the  home  city  is 
left  to  fester.  Instead  of  meeting  evil  fairly 
and  squarely,  weak  attacks  are  made  on  its 
flanks.  Nobody's  feelings  are  hurt,  and  things 
go  on  smoothly. 


10 


Jonathan  Upglade 

I  do  not  mean  that  all  sermons  should  be 
directly  practical;  such  sermons  as  I  have  been 
preaching  and  most  other  ministers  are  preach- 
ing are  proper  in  a  certain  proportion.  What 
I  mean  is,  that  at  frequent  intervals  each  min- 
ister should  turn  his  attention  to  directly  prac- 
tical affairs;  he  should  openly  attack  the  vices 
and  encourage  the  virtues  in  his  nation,  in  his 
city,  in  his  church. 

Henceforth  many  of  my  sermons  will  be  in- 
tensely practical.  If  I  wish  to  speak  of  chick- 
ens, I  shall  not  call  them  birds  of  paradise; 
and  if  I  wish  to  speak  of  onions,  I  shall  not 
call  them  azaleas:  I  shall  not  have  much  to 
say  about  the  wickedness  of  Sodom  and  Go- 
morrah, but  I  shall  have  much  to  say  about  the 
wickedness  of  this  city  in  which  we  reside. 

Do  not  misunderstand  me.  Do  not  for  a 
moment  suppose  that  I  consider  myself  perfect 
or  nearly  perfect.  For  aught  I  know  I  may  be 
the  weakest  one  among  you;  however,  after 
years  of  struggle,  I  believe  I  have  gained  a  po- 
sition where  I  can  greatly  help  at  least  some  of 
you.  I  shall  criticise  certain  persons  and  cer- 
tain practices.  On  your  part,  I  hope  you  will 
be  perfectly  frank  with  me.  I  expect  that  ad- 
verse criticism  will  be  heaped  upon  me,  but 


11 


My  Philosophy 

remember  he  is  a  coward  who  strikes  a  man  in 
the  back;  be  frank,  and  probably  I  can  greatly 
strengthen  my  character  by  having  my  atten- 
tion called  to  its  defects.  Let  us  be  brothers, 
helping  one  another  in  a  spirit  of  love.  Each  one 
of  us  has  different  hereditary  tendencies  and  a 
different  experience;  consequently  no  two  of  us 
are  in  the  same  stage  of  development  and  no  two 
of  us  see  things  just  alike.  By  giving  and  re- 
ceiving friendly  criticism,  we  may  be  mutually 
helpful.  In  my  sermons  I  may  not  always  stop 
to  present  arguments;  I  may  make  statements 
that  without  explanations  may  seem  positive  and 
egotistic.  Do  not  misunderstand  me,  for  I  be- 
lieve that  no  person  on  earth  is  sure  of  any- 
thing. Altho  I  may  not  always  say  so,  un- 
derstand that  I  mean  all  my  statements  to  be 
prefixed  with  "I  think"  or  ''It  seems  to  me". 
Here  I  shall  define  my  idea  of  true  criticism. 
True  criticism  points  out  excellences  as  well  as 
defects.  Do  not  suppose  that  character  is  de- 
veloped by  unpleasant  things  alone.  We  all 
need  more  or  less  appreciation  and  encourage- 
ment. Many  a  good  soul  is  struggling  along, 
starving  for  a  few  well-deserved  words  of  ap- 
preciation and  encouragement.  Remember  that 
the  strong  oak  is  not  developed  by  storms 
alone— it  needs  the  sunshine  too. 


12 


Jonathan  Upglade 

In  trying  to  determine  what  our  duties  are, 
we  should  first  try  to  get  a  correct  perspective ; 
we  should  consider  the  place  of  the  earth  in 
the  universe  and  our  place  on  the  earth.  We 
should  consider  that  most  of  the  stars  we 
see  are  suns  and  that  about  many  of  these 
suns  there  probably  are  planets.  Very  prob- 
ably many  of  these  planets  are  inhabited. 
With  science  in  its  present  state,  we  can  not 
communicate  with  the  inhabitants  of  other 
planets  and  so  can  in  no  way  help  them.  But 
for  even  the  greatest  minds  there  is  an  abun- 
dance of  work  to  do  on  our  own  little  earth. 
Next  we  should  consider  that  man  is  only  one 
of  the  thousands  of  races  of  beings  inhabit- 
ing the  earth.  We  should  carefully  consider 
our  obligations  to  all  of  the  races.  As  re- 
gards our  duties  to  human  beings,  we  should 
consider  that  there  are  several  social  units — 
the  human  race,  the  nation,  the  city,  the 
family,  the  individual,  are  some  of  them.  We 
have  certain  duties  relating  to  each  of  these 
units.  As  members  of  the  human  race,  we  should 
do  what  we  can  for  the  general  good  of  the 
human  race— for  the  prevention  of  wars,  for 
example.  As  citizens  of  some  nation  and  of 
some  town  or  city,  we  should  each  do  our  sharp 


13 


My  Philosophy 

to  secure  and  maintain  good  government.  As 
members  of  families,  we  have  many  and  very 
important  duties  to  perform.  As  individuals, 
we  have  our  own  ignorant,  wayward  selves  to 
control.  In  order  not  to  be  inconsistent,  I  wish 
to  explain  a  statement  some  of  you  may  have 
heard  me  make.  Some  nf  you  may  have  heard 
me  say  that  there  is,  really,  no  power  of  ill. 
Naturally  some  of  you  may  ask:  "If  there  is 
no  power  of  ill,  how  can  you  consistently  speak 
of  sin  and  evil?"  I  shall  explain.  I  believe 
that  whatever  is  or  has  been,  is  right  and  has 
been  right.  To  doubt  this  is  to  doubt  that 
the  universe  has  always  been  absolutely  con- 
trolled by  a  beneficent  power.  It  may  be  im- 
possible for  some  to  believe  that  the  terrible 
mental  and  physical  tortures  that  many  beings 
have  undergone  were  right.  Nevertheless,  I  be- 
lieve that  these  tortures  somehow  were  right 
and  were  necessary  to  develop  the  capacity  for 
happiness;  also,  that  they  all  have  been  or  wil< 
be  fully  compensated  for.  But— I  do  not  be- 
lieve it  right  that  the  present  state  of  affairs 
in  the  world  should  exist  a  day  longer,  an  hour 
longer,  a  minute  longer !  Cruelties  of  all  kinds 
must  cease!  Kindness  must  prevail!  You  and 
I  are  instruments  of  this  beneficent,  omnipo- 


14 


Jonathan  Upglade 

tent  power,  or  more  likely  parts  of  it,  to  help 
bring  about  these  changes.  When  I  speak  of 
sin  or  evil,  I  mean  unripeness.  When  I  speak 
of  abolishing  evils,  I  mean  helping  on  the  course 
of  evolution. 


AROUND   OUR  SQUARE 

How  many  of  you  are  doing  your  life-work 
around  our  square!  In  the  stores,  in  the  of- 
fices, and  in  other  places,  what  a  variety  of 
work  is  being  done  and  in  what  a  variety  of 
ways. 

Let  us  in  imagination  go  carefully  around 
our  square  and  try  to  criticise,  favorably  or 
unfavorably  as  each  case  deserves,  some  of  the 
people  whom  we  find.  Probably  we  shall  make 
some  mistakes,  for  each  business  has  its  pecu- 
liarities, and  sometimes  appearances  are  very 
deceiving;  in  most  cases,  however,  I  think  that 
with  care  our  criticisms  will  not  be  far  from 
right. 

Let  us  begin  at  the  corner  occupied  by  the 
largest  hotel  in  the  city.  What  is  the  charac- 
ter of  this  hotel?  The  building  is  sanitary; 
the  rooms  are  clean,  comfortable,  and  well  fur- 
nished; the  fare  is  good  enough  for  anybody; 
and  the  employees  are  accounted  respectable 


16 


Jonathan  Upglade 

people.  So  far  this  hotel  is  surely  very  much 
superior  to  thousands  scattered  thru  our  land. 
But  in  the  basement  of  this  hotel  there 
is  a  bar,  a  bar  doing  more  harm  than  any  other 
in  our  city.  "Why",  you  may  ask,  in  sur- 
prise, "is  not  this  bar-room  a  quiet,  orderly 
place,  and  is  it  not  simply  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  guests  who  think  there  is  no  harm  in 
drinking?"  The  bar  is  there  for  anybody  who 
has  money  to  pass  over  it !  Many  a  man  in  our 
city  who  would  not  be  seen  entering  an  ordi- 
nary saloon,  walks  into  the  hotel.  Who  knows 
but  he  has  gone  in  for  his  dinner,  or  for 
a  cigar,  or  on  business?  No  one  outside  knows. 
So  he  walks  in  and  finds  his  way  down  to  the 
bar-room.  So  the  large  hotel  is,  after  all,  a 
place  of  iniquity,  and  several  of  the  smaller, 
less  pretentious  hotels  of  our  city,  having  no 
bars,  rank  high  above  it. 

Next  to  the  hotel  is  a  hardware-store.  This 
store  has  done  a  large  business  under  the  same 
proprietor  for  twenty  years.  It  is  hardly  nec- 
essary to  say  that  the  proprietor  is  an  honest 
man.  Yes,  he  is  honest;  his  goods  are  what  he 
represents  them  to  be,  and  he  tries  to  deal 
fairly  with  all.  If  I  should  accuse  this  man 
of  cruelty,  he  would  be  surprised;  but  still, 


17 


Around  Our  Square 

during  his  whole  twenty  years  of  business  he 
has  been  an  agent  in  certain  cruel  practices. 
He  has  sold  cruel  traps,  steel  traps  and  others; 
he  has  sold  thousands  of  steel  traps  to  trap- 
pers who  have  used  them  for  catching  minks, 
muskrats,  and  other  animals;  he  has  sold  cruel 
mousetraps,  also.  Perhaps  he  has  sold  gaffs, 
but  as  to  this  I  can  not  say. 

Next  to  the  hardware-store  is  a  music-store. 
The  selling  of  good  music  and  good  musical  in- 
struments is  certainly  a  worthy  calling;  the 
world  needs  a  large  amount  of  good  music. 
The  only  fault  I  have  to  find  with  this  music- 
dealer  is  that  he  is  careless  as  to  the  character 
of  the  music  he  displays  and  sells:  he  has  a 
large  window  in  which  music  is  conspicuously 
displayed;  the  pictures  on  the  covers  of  some 
of  these  pieces  of  music  are  vulgar  or  indecent. 
The  sale  or  display  of  pieces  of  music  having 
indecent  pictures  or  words  should  be  prohibited. 

Next  to  the  music-store  is  a  confectionery. 
Here,  as  in  the  music-store,  vulgar  pictures 
sometimes  are  seen.  As  to  its  stock,  this  store 
ranks  as  a  good  one ;  very  little  cheap,  injurious 
confectionery  is  sold. 

Next  is  a  barber-shop.  The  furniture  is 
good,  and  the  place  is  kept  fairly  clean;  a  few 


18 


Jonathan  Upglade 

cheap  pictures,  among  them  a  picture  of  two 
pugilists  and  another  of  a  ballet  girl,  disfigure 
the  walls;  on  the  table  are  some  papers  and 
magazines  of  more  than  average  vulgarity. 
The  conversation  of  the  barbers  indicates  that 
they  are  only  half  educated  and  have  only  a 
narrow  range  in  which  they  are  able  to  con- 
verse; the  common  talk  of  the  town  and  that 
in  which  vulgar  subjects  figure  largely,  is  heard 
in  this  barber-shop.  It  is  no  wonder  that  cul- 
tured men  prefer  to  shave  themselves,  and  that 
they  patronize  the  place  no  more  than  is  neces- 
sary. 

Next  is  a  news-stand.  About  three-fourths 
of  the  publications  sold  here  ought  to  be 
burned.  The  influence  of  the  place  is  prob- 
ably worse  than  that  of  any  saloon  in  the  city. 

Next  is  a  drygoods-store.  Good  articles  are 
sold  here  at  reasonable  prices.  The  proprietors 
are  honest,  and  have  a  force  of  efficient  clerks. 
In  spite  of  very  keen  competition,  this  business 
is  successful. 

Next  is  a  drygoods-store  of  a  very  different 
character.  It  was  opened  a  few  months  ago, 
and  ever  since  has  been  doing  a  great  amount 
of  advertising.  We  are  told  how  the  prices 
are  cut  in  two  and  how  things  must  be  sold  at 


19 


Around  Our  Square 

any  price.  Articles  are  marked  up  and  then 
marked  down;  for  instance,  an  article  that  is 
worth  perhaps  eighty-five  cents  is  marked  up 
to  one  dollar  and  a  half  and  then  down  to 
ninety-eight  cents.  Ignorant  people  are  de- 
ceived, and  they  patronize  the  store.  Many  of 
the  things  sold  here  are  not  worth  taking  home. 
After  perhaps  a  year  of  blustering,  this  store 
is  likely  to  go  into  bankruptcy.  Many  people 
do  not  realize  that  a  poor  article  is  costly  at 
almost  any  price,  and  that  it  is  true  economy 
to  buy  less  frequently  and  to  buy  good  articles. 
Many  indigent  people  might  be  prosperous  if 
they  would  spend  their  money  wisely. 

The  next  store  is  a  prosperous  grocery  of 
the  better  class.  Altho  the  proprietor  sells 
some  poor  groceries,  he  encourages  the  use  of 
good  ones  and  thus  does  much  toward  keeping 
the  community  in  good  health.  The  proprietor 
of  this  grocery  thinks  he  is  doing  a  good, 
respectable  business  in  all  ways,  and  when  I 
say  he  is  a  party  in  some  terrible  cruelties  he 
will  be  surprised.  But  suppose  you  should  go 
to  this  grocery  and  ask  for  a  can  of  lobster, 
shrimps,  or  oysters,  would  he  not  sell  it  to  you? 
Yes,  he  keeps  these  articles  in  stock.  He  is 
doing  his  part  in  the  horrible  practice  of  cook- 


Jonathan  Upglade 

ing  animals  alive.  He  never  thot  of  it  in 
this  way,  but  this  is  the  truth.  Also,  he  sells 
many  fish,  nearly  all  of  which  died  in  misery. 

Under  the  grocery  is  a  bowling-alley.  No 
liquors  are  sold  here,  and  the  influence  of  the 
place  is  good;  it  gives  an  opportunity  to  en- 
gage in  a  pleasant,  healthful  game.  This  bowl- 
ing-alley is  well  patronized,  as  it  deserves  to  be. 
I  wish  there  might  be  well-conducted  bowling- 
alleys  in  every  town. 

Next  to  the  grocery  is  a  shop  in  which  a 
young  man  repairs  jewelry,  watches,  and  such 
articles.  He  is  competent  to  do  this  work,  so 
thus  far  his  business  is  honorable.  But  in  ad- 
dition to  his  repairing,  he  sells  spectacles;  he 
pretends  to  be  competent  to  examine  people's 
eyes  and  to  fit  them  with  such  spectacles  as 
they  need:  the  fact  is,  he  is  miserably  incom- 
petent to  do  this  work;  not  one  person  in 
twenty  who  comes  to  him  is  properly  fitted; 
but  many  are  ignorant,  and  they  patronize  him 
because  it  is  convenient  or  more  likely  because 
his  charges  are  small.  The  law  should  pro- 
hibit incompetent  persons  from  dealing  in 
spectacles  and  from  treating  the  eyes  in  any 
way;  much  harm  results  from  the  use  of  un- 
suitable spectacles  and  from  other  maltreat- 
ment of  the  eyes. 


21 


Around  Our  Square 

Next  is  a  meat-market.  While  the  human 
race  is  in  its  present  stage  of  development,  it 
is  probable  that  it  needs  meat  as  a  part  of  its 
diet;  however,  some  people  seem  to  thrive  with- 
out it.  I  think  a  much  smaller  percentage  of 
meat  is  now  used  than  formerly,  and  probably 
the  time  will  come  when  it  will  no  longer  be 
used.  Each  one  who  eats  meat  is  a  party  in 
the  death  of  the  animals,  and  the  proprietor 
of  the  meat-market  is,  perhaps,  no  more  a 
party  than  his  customers;  probably  he  does  not 
butcher  the  animals  himself,  but  buys  the  meat 
of  some  great  packing-house.  The  law  should 
strictly  require  that  all  butchers,  whether  they 
be  farmers  or  village  butchers  or  millionaire 
packers,  should  kill  the  animals  in  some  hu- 
mane way  and  that  they  should  treat  the  ani- 
mals humanely  before  death;  a  sufficient  num- 
ber of  agents  should  be  employed  to  keep  close 
watch  of  the  butchers. 

Next  to  the  meat-market  is  a  restaurant. 
Here,  oysters  and  clams  are  sometimes  cooked 
alive;  and  so  I  consider  this  place  by  far  the 
worst  one  around  our  square,  not  excluding  the 
saloons.  The  proprietors  ought  to  be  in  prison. 
Let  none  of  us  patronize  this  place,  but  let  us 
do  our  best  to  abolish  it;  let  us  patronize  the 


22 


Jonathan  Upglade 

less  pretentious  restaurants  where  cruelty  is 
not  practiced.  A  community  that  will  per- 
mit the  torture  of  animals  is  not  a  civilized 
community,  and  no  person  in  the.  community 
is  civilized  unless  he  is  doing  his  best  to  pre- 
vent the  torture. 

The  fishmonger,  whose  shop  is  next  to  the 
restaurant,  should  be  boycotted.  Most  of  the 
fish  he  sells  died  in  misery,  and  worse  than 
that  he  sells  lobsters  that  were  cooked  alive  and 
live  oysters  that  his  customers  may  cook  alive. 

A  pharmacy  is  next.  In  this  pharmacy,  as 
in  most  others,  there  is  much  to  criticise  un- 
favorably. A  large  amount  of  the  liquor  and 
opium  sold  here  is  not  used  for  medicinal  pur- 
poses. Many  of  the  patent  so-called  medicines 
sold  are  worse  than  useless;  they  are  depriving 
ignorant  people  of  money  needed  for  other 
things;  they  are  making  drunkards  of  many, 
and  are  injuring  health  in  other  ways :  it  is 
high  time  the  government  put  a  stop  to  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  useless  or  harmful 
so-called  medicines.  In  this  pharmacy  a  slot- 
machine  was  in  operation  till,  at  length,  public 
sentiment  abolished  these  gambling  devices 
thruout  the  city.  The  slot-machine  attracted 
one  class  of  customers,  but  drove  away  another 


28 


Around  Our  Square 

class;  probably  the  proprietor  never  realized 
how  much  it  did  toward  giving  his  place  a  bad 
reputation.  In  this  pharmacy  there  are  many 
papers  and  magazines  for  sale;  a  part  of  these 
publications  are  indecent.  This  pharmacy,  like 
most  others,  is  seldom  free  from  vulgar  or  in- 
decent pictures;  sometimes  these  pictures  are 
conspicuously  displayed  in  the  large  front 
windows.  Last  summer  an  advertising  agent 
for  a  large  nostrum  company,  came  to  this  city 
with  several  thousand  copies  of  an  obscene 
picture;  the  pictures  were  so  bad  that  they 
were  not  permitted  on  the  billboards,  but  the 
agent  or  his  assistant  sneaked  about  the  city 
and  tacked  hundreds  of  them  on  barns  and 
fences  and  such  places.  The  agent  called  at  the 
pharmacies  and  asked  if  he  might  "decorate" 
the  windows ;  most  of  the  pharmacists  complied, 
and  large  copies  of  the  obscene  picture  were 
conspicuously  displayed  in  the  windows.  One  of 
these  miserable  pharmacists  was  and  now  is 
a  member  of  this  church;  at  that  time,  I  was 
too .  much  of  a  coward  to  make  any  protest, 
and  the  other  church  people  of  the  city  were 
too  cowardly  or  too  indifferent  to  do  anything. 
The  city  had  a  look  of  brazen  debauchery  for 
weeks;  the  churches  complacently  continued 


24 


Jonathan  Upglade 

their  idle  Sunday  services  and  mid-week  prayer 
meetings;  I  was  so  disgusted  that  I  came  near 
taking  the  stand  that  I  postponed  till  recently. 

Next  to  the  pharmacy  is  a  tobacco-store. 
The  tone  of  the  place  is  about  as  low  as  that 
of  the  pharmacy.  Here  thousands  of  dollars 
are  spent  each  year  for  that  which  is  probably 
acting  as  a  poison,  and  is,  perhaps,  injuring 
the  user's  progeny  worse  than  himself.  Many 
a  woman  is  obliged  to  do  without  comforts 
so  that  her  husband  may  not  be  stinted  in  his 
use  of  tobacco.  This  store  is  one  of  the  many 
that  display  advertisements  bearing  likenesses 
of  noted  men.  One  of  the  vulgar  practices  of 
this  vulgar  age  is  the  use  of  such  likenesses 
in  advertisements.  When  a  refined  person  sees 
the  likeness  of  a  great  statesman,  for  instance, 
to  advertise  a  cigar  that  bears  the  statesman's 
name,  he  is  impressed  with  the  coarseness  and 
lack  of  proper  respect  that  is  shown.  The 
government  should  prohibit  the  display,  in 
advertisements,  of  the  likenesses  of  noted  men, 
whether  the  men  are  dead  or  living. 

Now  let  us  consider  the  largest  book-store 
in  the  city.  yAn  extensive  line  of  magazines  is 
kept,  a  part  of  them  decent  and  a  part  not. 
A  large  stock  of  posters  is  kept,  some  of  them 


Around  Our  Square 

good,  some  vulgar,  and  some  obscene.  The 
proprietor  of  this  store  would  sell  anything 
that  would  bring  him  profit,  and  his  sale  of 
posters  is  large ;  he  goes  just  as  far  as  he  thinks 
public  sentiment  will  sanction  in  the  displaying 
of  indecent  posters,  but  fearing  criticism  he 
keeps  the  worst  ones  out  of  sight  and  sells  them 
to  those  who  call  for  them.  A  nude  statue  is 
conspicuously  placed  near  the  entrance  of  the 
door,  and  this  adds  much  to  the  disreputable 
appearance  of  the  place.  Our  city  has  another 
and  smaller  book-store,  the  tone  of  which  is 
much  better.  Let  us  all  patronize  this  smaller 
store,  giving  our  reason  for  doing  so;  if  we  do 
this,  I  think  we  shall  soon  see  a  decided  im- 
provement in  the  large  store. 

Next  is  a  saloon.  You  all  know  well  enough 
what  the  evils  of  saloons  are  without  my 
enumerating  them.  "When  I  say  that  this  saloon 
might  easily  be  closed,  you  will  in  surprise  ask 
how.  Do  you  know  who  owns  the  building  in 
which  the  saloon  is  located?  He  is  a  church 
member,  and  a  hypocrite  as  I  believe ;  he  is  not 
a  member  of  our  church,  but  he  is  a  member 
of  a  certain  other  church  in  this  city;  he  does 
much  for  the  support  of  his  church,  so  his 
pastor  and  fellow-members  are  specially  un- 


Jonathan  Upglade 

willing  to  cross  him;  if  his  pastor  and  fellow- 
members  took  a  manly  course  by  condemning 
his  action  in  renting  to  the  saloon-keeper,  do 
you  not  think  he  would  refrain  from  doing  it 
longer?  Many  a  gambler,  and  saloon-keeper, 
and  proprietor  of  a  low  theatre  rents  his  rooms 
or  building  of  a  church  member  or  other  person 
who  pretends  to  be  respectable. 

Next  is  a  theatre,  the  only  large  one  in  the 
city.  Here  a  great  variety  of  plays  are  pre- 
sented. Occasionally  there  is  a  really  able  com- 
pany, presenting  a  good  play.  Other  plays 
are  presented  fairly  well,  and  are  respectable 
and  wholesome.  So  far,  the  theatre  is  a  helpful 
institution.  But  what  is  the  character  of  a 
large  percentage,  probably  seventy-five  per  cent, 
of  the  plays?  They  are  low  and  demoralizing! 
Some  are  bad  only  in  a  few  respects,  while 
some  are  almost  wholly  bad.  Here  the  im- 
modest woman,  probably  a  courtesan,  appears 
in  scanty  garb.  There  is  generally  some  slight 
pretext  for  her  appearance  in  scanty  garb,  but 
it  is  well  enough  understood  that  she  does  it  to 
display  her  beautifully  formed  body.  Probably 
a  large  percentage  of  fallen  people  can  trace 
their  fall  to  low  plays.  These  low  plays  are  able 
to  exist  only  because  people  attend  them.  Are 


27 


Around  Our  Square 

you  sure  that  none  of  you  sometimes  attend 
them?  Are  you  sure  that  you  have  not  looked 
upon  women  clad  in  attire  that  you  would  blush 
to  see  your  mother  or  your  sister  wear?  Is 
there  not  a  certain  church-going  editor  in  our 
city  who  advertises  low  plays  in  his  paper?  Do 
not  certain  members  of  this  church  display  the 
bills  of  low  plays  in  the  windows  of  their  stores  ? 
Let  us  attend  only  those  plays  that  we  believe 
to  be  strictly  decent,  and  if  we  find  that  by 
mistake  we  have  come  to  one  that  is  not  decent 
let  us  leave  it  without  a  minute's  delay.  Tho 
many  plays  are  good  morally,  the  best  the  world 
has  yet  seen  are  crude;  most  of  the  dramas 
are  crude,  the  scenery  is  crude,  and  much  of 
the  acting  is  crude. 

In  a  suite  of  rooms  over  the  hardware-store 
lives  a  modiste.  !As  far  as  her  business  is  con- 
cerned, this  woman  is  respectable  and  compe- 
tent. But,  like  many  other  women  and  men, 
she  has  a  certain  bad  habit  that  makes  her  a 
nuisance  in  the  community.  This  woman  is  a 
gossip,  and  in  her  desire  to  impart  news  she 
often  exaggerates  and  draws  upon  her  imagina- 
tion in  a  way  that  makes  her  statements  unreli- 
able. The  mischief  she  has  done  is  great,  and 
I  shall  tell  you  of  one  instance  of  it. 


Jonathan  Upglade 

There  is  an  elderly  gentlewoman,  a  widow  m 
reduced  circumstances,  who  rents  two  rooms  of 
the  modiste.  This  gentlewoman  has  largely 
severed  her  association  with  others  of  her 
class,  and  prefers  to  live  in  the  midst  of 
the  vulgar  circle  whose  manner  of  liv- 
ing she  must,  on  account  of  her  reduced  cir- 
cumstances, partly  conform  to.  Among  her 
former  associates  with  whom  she  is  unwill- 
ing to  part  and  who  are  equally  unwilling  to 
part  with  her,  is  a  man  much  younger  than  her- 
self, a  man  of  tastes  very  similar  to  hers,  whom 
she  regards  almost  as  a  son.  This  man  often 
knocks  at  the  door  of  the  widow,  and  stands 
there  a  few  minutes  for  a  friendly  chat.  The 
widow  is  an  impulsive  lady,  inclined  to  scorn 
appearances,  and  sometimes  her  remarks,  while 
perfectly  innocent,  are  of  such  a  nature  that 
one  who  heard  them  might  easily  misinterpret 
them.  The  modiste  is  an  inveterate  eaves- 
dropper, and  many  of  her  choicest  pieces  of 
scandal  are  secured  in  this  way.  Thru  key- 
holes and  the  cracks  of  doors  and  in  various 
other  ways,  she  has  managed  to  hear  discon- 
nected parts  of  the  conversations  between  the 
widow  and  her  friend.  She  has  heard  certain 
thotless  remarks  that  have  passed  between 


29 


Around  Our  Square 

them,  and  with  the  aid  of  her  excitable  imagina- 
tion and  some  malicious  alterations  she  has 
fabricated  a  story  regarding  the  young  man's 
honesty  and  loyalty  to  his  employer  that  may 
become  a  scandal.  The  fact  is,  both  the  widow 
and  her  friend  are  strictly  honest,  respectable 
people.  But  rumors  of  the  matter  lately 
reached  the  employer  of  the  young  man,  and 
the  employer  felt  that  an  explanation  should 
be  given.  He  asked  for  one,  but  the  young 
man,  whose  character  has  never  before  been 
questioned,  is  too  proud  to  deign  an  explana- 
tion. His  position,  as  I  happen  to  know,  is 
threatened,  but  I  think  the  intervention  of  some 
of  his  friends  who  know  his  innocence  will 
save  it.  This  is  only  one  instance  of  the  mis- 
chief the  modiste  is  doing. 

Are  there  not  several  of  her  character  in 
nearly  every  community?  I  wonder  if  you  and 
I  are  entirely  free  from  the  habit  of  gossiping; 
if  we  are  not,  we  should  try  to  free  ourselves 
at  once.  Let  us  remember  that  appearances 
are  often  very  deceiving.  Furthermore,  let  us 
remember  that  even  if  we  have  unmistakable 
evidence  of  some  brother's  shortcomings,  it  is 
in  many  cases  right  that  we  never  expose  him. 
In  some  cases,  as  in  the  case  of  my  exposing 


30 


Jonathan  Upglade 

the  modiste,  it  is  our  duty  to  expose  evil.  A 
person  of  the  character  of  the  modiste  should 
be  exposed,  so  that  people  will  be  on  their 
guard  against  her.  I  think  there  is  far  less 
gossip  than  formerly,  and  this  probably  is 
largely  due  to  the  fact  that  there  are  now  more 
ways  of  spending  leisure  time  than  formerly; 
there  is  a  greater  diversity  of  interests:  for  in- 
stance, in  this  day  when  all  have  access  to  in- 
teresting reading,  many  people  read  during 
their  leisure  time  while  formerly  they  con- 
gregated and  talked  over  the  affairs  of  their 
neighbors. 

In  the  next  building,  a  man  whom  I  shall 
call  Roderick  Slyter  publishes  a  cheap  maga- 
zine. The  magazine  is  not  much  worse  than 
the  average  cheap  magazine,  and  Mr.  Slyter 
has  succeeded  in  securing  a  large  list  of  sub- 
scribers. A  department  devoted  to  reviews  of 
new  books  has  recently  been  added  to  the  maga- 
zine. Mr.  Slyter  does  the  reviewing  himself, 
and  it  is  as  a  reviewer  that  I  now  shall  speak 
of  him.  Mr.  Slyter 's  education  is  limited  and 
one-sided;  this  condition  coupled  with  his  ego- 
tism and  malevolence  makes  him  one  of  the 
most  disagreeable  persons  imaginable.  When  a 
youth,  he  aspired  to  be  a  poet;  he  supposed 


31 


Around  Our  Square 

that  proper  form  was  the  only  essential  of  good 
poetry,  so,  after  carefully  studying  one  or  two 
works  on  poetics  and  learning  the  principles  of 
form  fairly  well,  he  supposed  he  was  capable 
of  writing  good  poetry;  as  he  really  had  little 
or  nothing  of  importance  to  say,  his  verses  at- 
tracted little  notice;  naturally  he  was  disap- 
pointed, and  the  undeserved  harshness  and 
ridicule  that  he  received  from  certain  review- 
ers, added  bitterness  to  his  disappointment.  Mr. 
Slyter  is  as  unfit  to  review  a  book  as  he  is  to 
write  one.  He  does  not  know  the  first  princi- 
ples of  literary  criticism:  Horace  is  not  much 
more  than  a  name  to  him,  and  probably  he 
never  heard  of  Yida,  Boileau-Despreaux,  Les- 
sing,  or  Sainte-Beuve :  he  is  sadly  lacking  in 
sympathy,  insight,  and  even  common  sense: 
he  does  not  understand  that  ridicule  is  as  a 
fool's  weapon,  and  that  honest  effort,  however 
crude  the  result,  should  be  especially  spared 
from  ridicule:  perhaps  his  most  disagreeable 
trait  is  his  idiotic  attempt  at  patronage;  in  the 
attempt  to  produce  the  impression  that  he  is 
really  kind,  sympathetic,  and  just,  he  usually 
chooses  some  small  part  of  a  work  as  the  object 
of  his  praise. 

I  am  specially  justified  in  my  criticism  of 


Jonathan  Upglade 

Mr.    Slyter.    A   friend   of   mine   has   recently 
been  wronged  by  him,  as  I  shall  now  relate. 

My  friend  was  a  sensitive,  thotful,  imagi- 
native girl,  and,  like  many  other  young  people, 
had  an  ambition  to  write  poetry.  She  pro- 
duced a  small  volume  which  had  much  merit 
in  many  ways,  but  which  showed  a  great  lack 
of  maturity  and  an  ignorance  of  some  of  the 
principles  of  form.  Most  of  her  friends  were 
incapable  of  judging  the  work,  and  gave  it  al- 
most unqualified  praise;  fortunately,  she  had 
one  friend,  a  really  able  critic,  who  saw  both 
the  merits  and  the  defects  of  the  work,  and 
gave  it  an  honest,  able  criticism.  He  explained 
to  my  friend  that  while  she  really  had  much 
ability,  she  was  too  young  to  venture  the  pub- 
lication of  poetry;  he  explained,  further,  that 
a  broad  education  was  very  desirable  and  that 
she  ought  to  make  a  careful  study  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  form.  My  friend  was  sensible  enough 
not  to  be  offended  or  discouraged.  She  entered 
a  state  university  of  high  standing,  and,  after 
completing  a  regular  four-year  course,  spent 
three  years  in  advanced  work.  She  did  much 
work  in  philosophy,  sociology,  science,  history, 
and  other  subjects,  as  well  as  in  literature. 
After  leaving  the  university,  she  spent  two  or 


33 


Around  Our  Square 

three  years  writing  poetry.  Instead  of  writing 
a  large  amount  of  verse,  she  spent  her  time  on 
a  very  few  poems.  She  did  exceedingly  careful 
work,  with  the  result  that  she  produced  eight 
or  ten  short  poems  of  excellent  quality.  Be- 
fore publishing,  she  secured  the  services  of  an 
eminent  literary  critic;  she  would  suffer  him 
to  make  no  mutations — no  true  poet  would 
suffer  that — but  she  was  glad  of  his  sugges- 
tions, and,  much  to  the  benefit  of  her  work,  a 
part  of  his  suggestions  she  followed.  She  sent 
her  manuscript  to  several  reliable  publishers, 
and  received  offers  of  publication  from  one  or 
two:  but,  having  a  relative  who  owned  a  large 
printing  establishment,  she  finally  resolved  to 
publish  the  little  book  herself ;  the  book  soon 
appeared,  and  was  highly  creditable  in  all 
ways. 

A  copy  of  the  book  fell  into  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Slyter,  and,  judging  from  the  review  that 
appeared  in  his  magazine,  he  soliloquized  about 
as  follows: — 

"Ha!  Poems  by  — !  Never  heard 

of  her!  Lives  in  the  West,  I  see!  Published 
the  book  herself;  couldn't  find  a  publisher, 
evidently!  A  slim  volume,  too;  not  much 
but  the  covers!  Well,  well,  here  is  a  safe 


34 


Jonathan  Upglade 

chance  for  some  fun!  I'll  take  a  glance  at 
the  beginning,  a  dip  in  the  middle,  and  another 
glance  at  the  end,  and  then  I  '11  write  it  up ! " 

Mr.  Slyter  did  "write  it  up".  He  ridiculed 
a  work  that  was  soon  to  receive  high  praise 
from  some  of  the  best  minds  in  the  world. 
After  the  ridicule,  came  a  few  sentences  of 
impertinent  praise,  meant  to  convince  his  read- 
ers that  he  would  gladly  have  praised  the 
whole  work  had  he  considered  it  commendable. 
He  chose  as  the  object  of  his  praise  an  almost 
mediocre  stanza  that  was  much  below  the  aver- 
age stanza  of  the  work;  the  very  fact  that  the 
stanza  was  almost  mediocre,  served  to  bring  it 
partly  within  the  pale  of  his  comprehension. 

My  advice  to  Mr.  Slyter  and  others  of  his 
class  is  concise:  "Drop  the  book  reviewing 
department  from  your  newspaper  or  maga- 
zine." 

Above  many  of  the  stores  around  the  square 
are  offices  occupied  by  physicians,  lawyers,  and 
others. 

Here  is  a  young  physician.  He  was  a  fickle, 
careless  boy  who  did  poor  work  in  school.  Be- 
fore completing  even  a  high  school  course,  he 
decided  to  study  medicine.  Straightway  this 
boy  with  almost  no  foundation  to  build  on, 


35 


Around  Our  Square 

went  to  a  second  class  medical  school.  He 
lived  a  somewhat  dissipated  life  there,  and  his 
work  was  very  irregular;  nevertheless,  in  three 
years  he  received  a  diploma  and  was  turned 
out  upon  the  world  to  practice.  This  young 
man  was  miserably  incompetent ;  he  is  still  mis- 
erably incompetent,  and  will  be  as  long  as  he 
lives.  He  does  as  much  harm  in  a  year  as  a 
good  physician  can  undo.  It  is  a  lax  govern- 
ment that  permits  such  men  as  he  to  practice 
medicine.  But  he  is  showy  in  appearance,  he 
is  oily  of  tongue,  and  he  is  an  adept  in  decep- 
tion. His  practice  is  fairly  large.  He  makes 
an  estimate  of  the  means  and  intelligence  of 
each  patient,  and  he  manages  each  case  in  the 
way  that  he  thinks  will  bring  the  most  money. 
He  takes  advantage  of  the  fears  of  nervous  or 
ignorant  people,  and  after  long  treatments  of 
simple  ailments  convinces  his  patients  that  he 
has  cured  them  of  very  serious  diseases;  he  se- 
cures their  gratitude  and  robs  them  of  their 
money.  If  a  really  serious  case  comes  into  his 
hands,  he  is  very  likely  to  mismanage  it  so 
badly  that  if  death  results  it  makes  him  little 
short  of  a  murderer.  He  is  a  worse  character 
than  nine-tenths  of  the  men  in  prison.  He 
ought  to  be  in  prison. 


S6 


Jonathan  Upglade 

I  shall  now  speak  of  another  physician  in 
this  city  who  represents  a  very  different  class. 
He  deserves  to  have  his  name  mentioned 
openly;  he  is  Dr.  Birnam,  whom  many  of  you 
know  so  well.  Dr.  Birnam  attended  college 
when  preparatory  schools  and  medical  schools 
were  far  below  the  modern  schools  in  efficiency. 
However,  he  was  an  earnest,  thotful,  stu- 
dious boy.  He  secured  the  best  education  he 
could  before  entering  a  medical  school;  he  then 
entered  as  good  a  medical  school  as  was  ac- 
cessable,  and  pursued  his  course  with  great 
diligence  and  success.  In  spite  of  his  college 
course  and  his  long  and  varied  practice,  he 
would  long  ere  this  have  been  far  from  the 
front  ranks  of  the  medical  profession  had  he 
not  made  persistent  efforts  to  keep  up  with  the 
advance  in  medical  science.  But  he  has  kept 
up  with  this  advance:  he  attends  numerous 
conventions  and  lectures;  he  reads  carefully 
several  of  the  best  medical  publications;  he 
uses  modern  apparatus  and  methods.  In  order 
to  be  a  really  good  physician,  a  person  should 
have,  first  of  all,  a  good,  wholesome  character. 
Furthermore:— he  should  have  great  insight 
and  sympathy;  he  should  have  a  great  deal  of 
common  sense,  so  that  his  judgment  will  seldom 


37 


Around  Our  Square 

be  faulty;  he  should  have  a  broad,  deep  educa- 
tion before  entering  a  medical  school ;  then  add 
medical  scholarship  and  technical  skill.  Dr. 
Birnam  possesses  all  the  qualifications  of  a 
good  physician.  He  can  read  many  people  al- 
most like  an  open  book.  He  has  a  deep  sym- 
pathy for  every  living  thing;  he  has  no  con- 
tempt or  scorn :  the  lowest  wretch,  suffering 
from  a  terrible  disease,  is  to  him  a  poor  victim 
of  vicious  heredity  tendencies  and  other  adverse 
circumstances.  Many  and  many  a  suffering 
mortal  is  sick  in  soul  more  than  in  body,  and 
so  needs  a  wise  friend  much  more  than  medi- 
cine. Dr.  Birnam  understands  this,  and  he  is 
the  friend  and  adviser  of  hundreds.  Altho 
very  skilful,  he  is  moderate  in  his  charges,  and 
in  many  more  cases  than  you  would  guess  his 
charges  are  nothing.  What  a  contrast  he  is 
to  the  young  physician  of  whom  I  spoke !  When 
will  people  be  wise  enough  to  distinguish  be- 
tween modest  worth  and  pretentious  villainy? 
Of  the  many  lawyers  around  our  square,  I 
shall  speak  of  two.  One  I  shall  call  Adelbert 
E.  McNaster.  Adelbert  E.  McNaster  is  a  man 
of  thirty-five  years.  Having  vain,  mediocre 
parents,  it  is  not  surprising  that  he  early  dis- 
played vanity  and  mediocrity.  He  completed 


38 


Jonathan  Upglade 

a  high  school  course,  but  after  a  few  months 
at  the  university  he  fell  behind  his  class  and 
gave  up  his  course.  After  a  year  or  two  of 
idleness,  he  decided  to  study  law;  he  entered 
the  university  law  school,  and  by  dint  of  some 
studying  and  some  cheating  secured  a  degree. 
The  two  great  ambitions  of  Mr.  McNaster  are 
to  be  considered  fast  and  to  be  ranked  among 
the  fashionable  society  people  of  the  town.  His 
studied  efforts  to  be  fast  are  more  amusing 
than  serious,  for  he  is  not  vicious,  and,  more- 
over, he  is  too  stupid  to  become  a  very  bad 
character  if  he  tries  ever  so  hard.  In  his  ef- 
forts to  keep  in  the  ranks  of  fashionable  so- 
ciety, he  shows  much  skill:  by  skilful  maneu- 
vering, he  manages  so  that  he  is  seldom  seen 
with  any  but  society  people;  he  dresses  in  the 
current  fashion,  no  matter  how  foolish  it  may 
be,  and  he  wears  his  dress  suit  and  silk  hat  at 
every  opportunity;  he  frequents  balls  and  all 
other  society  affairs.  Altho  he  is  shallow 
and  stupid,  he  attracts  little  attention  on  this 
account,  for  some  of  his  companions  are  of 
the  same  calibre.  The  law  practice  of  Mr. 
McNaster  is  not  a  large  one,  but  by  dint  of 
some  honorable  work  and  some  toadying  and 
questionable  practice  he  secures  a  living.  If 


30 


Around  Our  Square 

he  should  read  these  sermons  of  mine,  he 
would  not  at  first  venture  an  opinion  of  them; 
he  would  first  determine  whether  or  not  they 
were  popular.  If  he  found  they  were  popular, 
he  would  praise  me  or  else  keep  silence.  If  he 
found  they  were  not  popular,  he  would  at  once 
proceed  to  ridicule  me ;  in  a  tone  of  pity  mixed 
with  contempt  he  would  make  some  vulgar  re- 
marks in  regard  to  me.  First  of  all,  he  prob- 
ably would  make  the  remark  that  "If  the 
granny  had  ever  been  out  in  the  world  he'd 
know  better  than  to  preach  such  old-fashioned 
rot".  Be  it  known  that  Mr.  McNaster  has 
been  "out  in  the  world";  he  once  went  on  a 
visit  to  a  large  city  several  hundred  miles  dis- 
tant, and  remained  there  a  few  weeks.  Of  this 
contact  with  the  world  he  is  extremely  proud, 
and  if  you  ever  chance  to  meet  him,  probably 
he  will  before  many  minutes,  with  a  ludicrous 
attempt  at  a  casual  manner,  inform  you  of  his 
sojourn  in  the  large  city.  The  poor  dolt  is  too 
stupid  to  realize  that  my  knowledge  of  the 
world  is  much  greater  than  his,  or  else 
he  is  too  unfair  to  admit  it.  Because  I  con- 
demn some  theatres  and  some  forms  of  card- 
playing,  he  places  me  in  the  same  class  as  those 
well-meaning  but  narrow-minded  ministers  who 


40 


Jonathan  Upglade 

condemn   all  theatres  and   all   forms   of   card- 
playing. 

Occupying  an  office  near  that  of  Dr.  Birnam, 
is  an  old  lawyer,  named  Mr.  Thorne.  He  and 
Dr.  Birnam  are  excellent  friends;  and,  indeed, 
one  would  expect  this,  for  their  characters  are 
much  alike.  Mr.  Thorne  holds  a  place  in  the 
legal  profession  very  similar  to  that  of  Dr. 
Birnam  in  the  medical  profession.  Mr.  Thorne, 
as  well  as  Dr.  Birnam,  sees  many  people  in 
trouble,  and  often  he  has  the  power  to  help 
them.  Many  miserable  excuses  of  lawyers  pro- 
tect criminals,  encourage  dissensions,  and  com- 
plicate cases  simply  for  the  sake  of  money. 
But  Mr.  Thorne  has  always  pursued  the  oppo- 
site course.  Many  a  hardened  criminal  has 
offered  him  large  fees  for  his  help  or  even  for 
his  neutrality,  but  he  has  ever  helped  to  bring 
evil-doers  to  justice.  Many  a  poor  criminal, 
who  has  committed  a  crime  when  intoxicated 
or  as  the  result  of  a  very  strong  temptation, 
has  sought  his  aid  and  secured  all  the  help 
the  case  deserved.  Many  a  man  has  come  to 
him  in  wrath  and  wished  to  begin  suit  at  once 
against  some  enemy,  but  in  many  cases  he  has 
effected  a  settlement  out  of  court  and  has 
charged  no  fee.  Many  a  couple  has  come  to 


41 


Around  Our  Square 

him  seeking  divorce:  but  often  he  has  been 
able  to  reconcile  man  and  wife;  he  has  talked 
to  them  long  and  earnestly,  telling  them  that 
no  two  people  can  agree  entirely  and  that  the 
way  to  live  happily  is  for  each  one  to  concede 
a  little  and  to  make  allowances  for  the  other's 
peculiarities.  Mr.  Thorne  thinks,  and  probably 
correctly,  that  his  greatest  work  in  life  has 
been  the  prevention  of  divorces. 


THE  TREATMENT  OF  ANIMALS 

I  would  not  enter  on  my  list  of  friends 
(Though    graced    with    polished    manners    and 

fine  sense, 

Yet  wanting  sensibility)  the  man 
Who  needlessly  sets  foot  upon  a  worm. 

— Cowper. 

"He  prayeth  well,  who  loveth  well 
Both  man  and  bird  and  beast. 

"He  prayeth  best,  who  loveth  best 
All  things  both  great  and  small; 
For  the  dear  God  who  loveth  us, 
He  made  and  loveth  all." 

— Coleridge. 

Kill  not — for  pity's  sake— and  lest  ye  slay 
The  meanest  thing  upon  its  upward  way. 

—Edwin  Arnold. 

Forebore  the  ant-hill,  shunned  to  tread, 
In  mercy,  on  one  little  head. 

— Emerson. 


44 


Jonathan  Upglade 

If  slay  ye  must, 
Deal  ye  the  blow 
With  the  merciful  hand 
That  a  Christ  would  show. 

— Helene  Aubyn. 

Have  you  ever  considered  the  place  of  man 
in  the  scale  of  being?  To  tell  you  that  man  is 
an  animal  might  come  as  a  shock  to  some  of 
you.  You  will  agree  that  man  is  not  a  rock 
or  other  inorganic  object,  and  that  he  is  not  a 
plant.  What  is  he,  then,  if  not  an  animal? 
Yes,  he  is  an  animal;  and  I  believe  there  is  no 
hard  and  fast  line  separating  him  from  other 
animals.  I  believe  that  man  has  a  soul  and  is 
immortal;  but  I  believe,  also,  that  all  other  ani- 
mals have  souls  and  are  immortal.  Many  be- 
lieve that  man  alone  possesses  reason,  and  thus 
is  distinguished  from  all  other  animals;  I  be- 
lieve that  other  animals  possess  reason,  also, 
and  often  they  show  much  more  reason  than 
certain  individuals  among  mankind. 

In  our  efforts  to  realize  that  all  animals  be- 
long to  one  great  family,  it  will  help  us  if  we 
study  carefully  a  scientific  classification  of  ani- 
mals. The  classification  made  by  Parker  and 
Haswell  is  probably  the  best  thus  far  published. 

In  trying  to  determine  our  duties  in  regard 


45 


The  Treatment  of  Animals 

to  other  animals,  it  will  help  us  much  to  re- 
member that  all  animals  are  one  family  and 
that  the  intelligence  and  the  capabilities  of  en- 
joyment and  suffering  of  the  various  tribes 
vary  only  in  degree.  It  will  help  us  still  fur- 
ther to  realize  the  essential  unity  of  all  life, 
both  animal  and  vegetable.  In  his  work  enti- 
tled "The  Interpretation  of  Nature",  Prof.  N. 
S.  Shaler  says: — 

"It  is  in  the  realm  of  the  organic  world  that  we 
may  expect  to  win  the  most  that  makes  for  moral  ad- 
vancement; that  physical  realm  is  still,  in  a  certain 
way,  remote  from  our  finer  perceptions;  only  our 
grosser  senses  can  as  yet  seize  upon  its  phenomena; 
there  is  majesty  and  beauty  in  its  vistas,  but  the  ways 
of  men  have  not  yet  traversed  them.  It  is  otherwise 
with  the  realm  of  life,  which  we  now  see  to  be  clearly 
akin  to  our  own.  It  is  because  we  now  recognize  this 
kinship  and  view  all  living  things  as  sharers  with  our- 
selves in  this  gift  of  sentiency,  this  capacity  to  profit 
by  experience,  this  privilege  of  handing  on  a  bettered 
life  to  the  ages  which  are  to  be,  that  organic  beings 
afford  a  surer  if  not  a  higtier  teaching  than  does  the 
material  of  which  mey  are  composed.  Of  all  the  mar- 
velous gains  in  understanding  which  this  century  has 
afforded,  none  other  is  destined  to  be  so  profitable  as 
this  conception  of  the  essential  unity  of  life.  Through 
this  view  the  history  01  man  has  gained  a  vast  per- 
spective; in  place  of  an  arbitrary  beginning  of  our 
life  in  this  moment  of  time,  we  behold  an  orderly  suc- 
cession which  extends  back  to  the  inconceivably  remote 
ages.  We  appear  to  ourselves  no  longer  as  unrelated 


46 


Jonathan  Upglade 

beings  akin  to  similar  creatures  of  the  earth  only  by  a 
mysterious  connection  with  an  inconceivable  supreme 
power,  but  germane  to  all  the  creatures  of  this  and 
vanished  ages;  each  animal  and  plant  becomes  an  in- 
terpreter of  our  life  and  stands  ready  to  testify  as  to 
the  laws  of  our  body  or  our  mind." 

A  great  deal  of  the  cruelty  to  animals  is  un- 
intentional. Descartes,  writing  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  believed  that  animals,  except- 
ing man,  were  merely  machines;  of  course  this 
was  a  terrible  delusion.  The  people  of  today  are 
fast  awakening  to  a  realization  of  the  capabili- 
ties and  rights  of  other  animals.  Some  of  the 
higher  forms  are  now  fairly  well  treated.  For 
instance,  public  sentiment  would  denounce  any 
extreme  cruelty  to  a  horse,  and,  of  late,  birds 
are  receiving  a  great  deal  of  attention.  Many 
people  are  trying  hard  to  do  what  is  right  in 
this  matter.  I  shall  try  to  show  that  most  of  these 
well-meaning  people  are,  on  account  of  ignor- 
ance, greatly  inconsistent;  for  instance— birds 
are  beginning  to  be  well  protected  even  from 
death  in  a  humane  manner,  while  oysters,  lob- 
sters, and  some  other  animals  are  sometimes 
cooked  alive. 

In  considering  the  question  of  cruelty  to  ani- 
mals, we  should  first  try  to  determine  what 


47 

The  Treatment  of  Animals 

capabilities  they  have  for  enjoyment  and  suf- 
fering 

We  can  not  be  cruel  to  a  stone  or  other  inor- 
ganic object;  for  altho  we  may  shatter  it  with 
a  sledge  or  cast  it  into  a  furnace,  it  can  not 
feel. 

As  to  plants,  they  are  living  things:  but  if 
plants  are  capable  of  feeling  at  all,  probably 
it  is  to  such  a  slight  degree  that  we  need  not 
fear  that  they  ever  suffer  real  pain;  it  may  be 
that  science  will  be  able  to  determine  this  point, 
later. 

As  to  animals,  it  is  probable  that  some  of  the 
lower  forms,  especially  those  that  are  minute, 
need  give  us  little  concern;  but  as  we  follow  up 
the  scale  of  being,  we  soon  come  to  animals, 
worms  and  others,  that  to  all  appearances  suf- 
fer pain. 

Of  course,  if  man  is  to  work  or  move  about 
at  all,  he  must  of  necessity  maim  and  destroy 
many  little  animals;  for  instance,  we  often  un- 
avoidably step  upon  ants  and  other  small  ani- 
mals, and  the  plowshare  cuts  many  worms  in 
two. 

What,  then,  should  be  the  rule? 

We  should  not  unmindfully  inflict  pain  on 
any  animal,  no  matter  if  it  be  a  flea  or  smaller, 


48 


Jonathan  Upglade 

and  we  should  take  a  reasonable  amount  of 
care  to  avoid  injuring  animals  even  tho  they 
be  very  small.  A  truly  kind-hearted  man  will 
forbear  the  ant-hill  if  he  sees  one  in  his  path. 

You  may  say  that  animals,  except  man,  do 
not  suffer  pain,  or  at  any  rate  that  they  suffer 
but  slightly.  Just  what  degrees  of  pain  these 
animals  may  suffer  is,  perhaps,  a  point  we  may 
never  be  able  to  determine.  But  let  the  rule 
be:  Give  them  the  benefit  of  the  doubt  I 

I  believe  that  as  we  go  down  the  scale  the 
capacity  for  pain  becomes  less  and  less.  I  be- 
lieve that  in  man,  even,  there  is  a  great  diver- 
sity; I  believe  that  a  finely-organized,  sensitive 
man  would  suffer  more  from  a  certain  injury 
than  a  coarse,  barbarous  man  would.  And  as 
we  go  down  the  scale  thru  the  various  spe- 
cies, probably  the  capacity  for  suffering  be- 
comes less  and  less. 

But  to  apply  this  rule  honestly,  shall  we  not 
find  evidence  to  show  that  certain  of  the  other 
animals  suffer  more  from  certain  injuries  than 
man?  For  instance:  The  sense  of  smell  of 
some  dogs  is  very  many  times  more  acute  than 
that  of  any  man;  then  why  should  not  the 
sensitive  nose  of  the  dog  be  much  more  painful 
when  injured  than  that  of  any  man?  And  the 


49 

The  Treatment  of  Animals 

eyes  of  some  birds  are  very  much  more  keen 
than  the  eyes  of  any  man ;  then  why  should  not 
the  sensitive  eyes  of  these  birds  be  much  more 
painful  when  injured  than  the  eyes  of  any 
man? 

Give  the  animals  the  benefit  of  the  doubt! 

^Suppose  a  turtle  or  lobster  were  capable  of 
feeling  only  one-eighth  the  pain  that  a  man 
could  feel  in  his  hand.  Would  you  be  willing 
to  endure  one-eighth  of  the  agony  of  having 
your  hand  roasted  or  boiled?  "It  doesn't  hurt 
them",  "It  doesn't  hurt  them  much",  "It's 
soon  over",  are  cheap  and  selfish  excuses  that 
many  people  give.  They  would  like  to  go  on 
eating  the  flesh  of  various  animals  that  are  not 
humanely  killed.  Do  they  know  that  it  does 
not  hurt  or  that  it  does  not  hurt  much?  Sup- 
pose it  is  soon  over  in  most  cases,  have  they 
any  right  to  torture  an  animal  for  an  instant? 
The  person  who  tries  to  forget  his  real  obliga- 
tions and  passes  on  with  some  cheap  excuse, 
is  cruel. 

You  may  say,  "Oh,  I  eat  so  little  that  it 
doesn't  make  any  difference".  Yes,  it  does 
make  a  difference!  Remember  you  are  doing 
your  part,  and  because  your  part  is  exceedingly 
small  in  no  way  excuses  you;  if  a  single 


50 


Jonathan  Upglade 

drop  of  water  did  not  amount  to  anything, 
then  all  the  drops  composing  the  ocean  would 
not  amount  to  anything.  As  soon  as  even  a 
small  percentage  of  people  refuse  to  eat  the 
flesh  of  animals  that  are  cruelly  killed  or 
cruelly  treated  before  killed,  there  will  be  a 
great  change  for  the  better.  lAs  soon  as  deal- 
ers in  flesh  find  that  their  business  is  affected, 
they  will  refrain  from  cruelty  even  tho  they 
had  formerly  refused  to  do  so.  It  is  the  con- 
sumers of  flesh  who  are  the  real  slayers  of  the 
animals. 

In  considering  this  subject  further,  I  shall, 
in  systematic  order,  speak  of  some  of  the  va- 
rious animals  that  are  abused. 

There  are  about  fifteen  hundred  people  in 
this  congregation.  [Perhaps  not  one  of  you 
thinks  he  is  cruel,  but  I  very  much  doubt  if 
there  is  one  of  you  that  has  not  directly  or  in- 
directly practiced  cruelly. 

If  you  wish  to  be  kind  but  are  cruel  with- 
out knowing  it,  you  ought  to  be  glad  to  have 
me  call  your  attention  to  some  of  the  forms  of 
cruelty  you  practice. 

How  many  of  you  have  ever  been  cruel  to  a 
worm?  Have  not  many  of  you  been  fishing 
and  used  worms  for  bait?  Did  not  the  worms 


51 


The  Treatment  of  Animals 

writhe  and  wriggle,  showing  all  possible  signs 
of  agony,  when  you  put  them  on  the  hooks? 
When  you  came  ashore,  are  you  sure  you  did 
not  leave  a  can  or  box  of  worms  in  the  boat? 
And  are  you  sure  the  sun  did  not  dry  up  the 
worms  in  a  day  or  two  and  cause  them  to  die 
a  lingering  and  most  painful  death? 

Now  let  us  consider  oysters  and  clams.  Are 
not  oysters  often  eaten  alive,  and  oysters  and 
clams  often  cooked  alive?  What  a  terrible 
death  it  must  be  for  even  these  low  creatures. 
Canned  oysters  are  killed  by  steaming  them; 
therefore  no  humane  person  will  eat  them. 
Probably  many  restaurants  and  hotels  serve  oy- 
sters alive,  and  cook  oysters,  clams,  and  crabs 
alive. 

And  now  we  come  to  lobsters,  crabs,  and 
shrimps.  Upon  these  animals  the  most  atro- 
cious and  devilish  cruelty  is  perpetrated.  They 
are  often  killed  by  cooking  them  alive!  Many 
canned  lobsters  and  shrimps  are  killed  by 
steaming  them.  Every  man,  woman,  or  child 
of  you  who  eats  a  mouthful  of  a  lobster,  crab, 
or  shrimp  that  was  cooked  alive,  decreases  the 
supply  just  that  much  and  increases  the  de- 
mand just  that  much ;  and  this  means  bring  an- 
other lobster,  crab,  or  shrimp  to  the  torture.  If 


52 


Jonathan  Upglade 

one  of  your  fingers  were  held  in  boiling  water, 
would  you  not  realize  what  a  heartless,  cruel 
thing  you  did  when  you  ate  one  or  a  part  of  one 
of  these  animals?  You  may  say  that  these  ani- 
mals die  so  quickly  that  it  does  not  hurt  them. 
Do  you  know  this,  or  would  you  just  like  to 
believe  it  is  true?  Think  this  over,  and  hold 
your  finger  in  boiling  water  or  in  steam  a  little 
while  before  you  eat  any  more  lobsters,  crabs, 
shrimps,  oysters,  or  clams  that  were  cooked 
alive. 

In  poisoning  the  pests  that  feed  upon  pota- 
toes, cabbages,  currants,  and  other  plants,  some 
poison  should  be  used  that  does  not  cause  a 
painful  death.  The  pests  are  small,  but  the 
number  destroyed  each  year  is  enormous,  so  the 
aggregate  of  suffering  must  be  very  great. 

Next  let  us  consider  bees,  those  faithful  lit- 
tle workers.  Even  they  are  sometimes  most 
cruelly  treated;  some  beekeepers  smoke  bees 
that  they  wish  to  kill,  and  do  it  in  such  a  way 
that  some  of  the  half-suffocated  bees  fall  down 
into  the  fire  and  are  burned  to  death. 

il  shall  speak  of  frogs  and  minnows  next. 
Have  you  ever  heard  of  live  bait?  Have  any 
of  you  ever  been  guilty  of  using  it?  Think  of 
a  live  frog  or  minnow  being  impaled  on  a  hook, 


53 


The  Treatment  of  Animals 

and  of  being  repeatedly  cast  out  and  drawn  in 
or  else  dragged  thru  the  water  till  it  finally 
dies.  Think  of  one  of  these  animals  being  used 
as  bait  on  a  set-line,  and  perhaps  left  for  hours 
or  days  with  a  hook  thru  it. 

Are  not  many  teachers  and  students  of 
science  hardened  and  cruel?  Do  they  not  some- 
times drop  living  frogs  and  other  animals  into 
alcohol  and  use  them  for  dissecting  purposes? 

'Next  I  shall  speak  of  fish.  Think  of  the 
thousands  of  fish  that  are  caught  every  day. 
How  few  of  them  are  killed  at  once,  and  how 
many  of  them  are  left  to  die  a  lingering  death ! 

What  happens  when  a  fish  is  taken  from  the 
water?  Why  does  it  die  after  a  time?  Fish 
need  oxygen,  but  surely  there  is  a  great  deal  of 
oxygen  in  the  air.  Fish  get  oxygen  thru  the 
tissues  of  their  gills,  much  the  same  as  we 
get  it  thru  the  tissues  of  our  lungs.  Did 
you  ever  notice  a  fish's  gills  carefully?  They 
consist  of  fringes  attached  to  bony  supports. 
When  a  fish  is  in  the  water,  the  water  circu- 
lates thru  these  fringes  and  keeps  the  rows 
of  them  from  becoming  packed;  thus  there  is 
a  large  surface  exposed  to  the  water,  and  par- 
ticles of  oxygen  are  secured  from  the  water 
which  keep  the  fish  alive.  What  happens  when 


54 


Jonathan  Upglade 

a  fish  is  taken  from  the  water?  Since  there  it 
a  great  amount  of  oxygen  in  the  air,  why  does 
not  the  fish  continue  to  live?  It  is  for  this 
reason:— When  a  fish  is  taken  from  the  water, 
the  rows  of  fine,  delicate  gill  fringes  become 
more  or  less  packed  so  the  surface  exposed  to 
the  air  is  much  less  than  that  exposed  when  in 
the  water;  also,  the  gills  probably  soon  become 
dry,  and  are  no  longer  able  to  take  in  oxygen 
even  when  they  are  exposed  to  the  air.  And 
so  the  poor  fish  dies— dies  of  suffocation.  In 
some  species  of  fish,  this  period  of  misery  is 
not  very  long;  in  others,  such  as  the  bullheads, 
they  often  live  for  a  considerable  time. 

If  you  ever  go  fishing  again,  take  a  short, 
heavy  club  with  you.  As  soon  as  you  catch  a 
fish,  strike  it  two  or  three  hard  blows  on  the 
back  of  the  head— the  place  where  a  fish's  neck 
would  be  if  it  had  a  neck.  If  you  strike  these 
blows  correctly,  they  usually  will  kill  the  fish. 
But  often,  people  do  not  strike  hard  enough  or 
do  not  strike  in  just  the  right  place,  so  the  fish 
soon  begins  to  gasp.  You  should  look  at  your 
fish  at  frequent  intervals,  and  if  you  see  it 
gasping  you  should  strike  it  again. 

If  all  fishermen  would  take  the  slight  pains 
required  to  kill  their  fish  as  soon  as  caught, 


56 

The  Treatment  of  Animals 

think  what  an  enormous  amount  of  suffering 
would  be  saved. 

Even  if  people  had  no  pity,  it  would  well 
repay  them  if  they  killed  their  fish.  You  would 
not  think  of  eating  a  chicken  that  you  found 
choked  to  death.  Then  why  should  you  eat  a 
fish  that  died  by  suffocation  or,  in  other  words, 
choked  to  death?  The  flesh  of  fish  will  be 
found  much  better  if  the  fish  are  killed  as  soon 
as  taken  from  the  water. 

I  hope  that  none  of  you  will  ever  again  catch 
a  fish  and  allow  it  to  die  slowly.  And  more 
than  this,  I  hope  you  will  never  again  eat  an- 
other particle  of  fish  unless  you  know  the  fish 
was  killed  humanely;  if  people  would  take  this 
stand,  fish  that  died  in  misery  could  no  longer 
be  sold,  and  professional  fishermen,  even  tho 
they  might  be  cruel  and  hard-hearted,  would 
be  obliged  to  kill  their  fish. 

Fish  are  often  badly  abused  in  other  ways. 
Sometimes  fishermen  are  cruel  enough  to  stick 
their  thumbs  and  fingers  into  the  eye-sockets 
of  fish,  and  pull  them  into  the  boat  in  that 
way;  how  terribly  painful  it  must  be  to  have 
the  eyes  so  pressed  and  perhaps  forced  out  of 
the  sockets.  If  the  eyes  of  fish  are  ever  used 
for  bait,  the  greatest  care  should  be  taken  to 


56 


Jonathan  Upglade 

determine  that  the  fish  are  dead  before  the 
eyes  are  removed.  Gaffing  is  a  cruel  way  of 
landing  fish;  it  should  never  be  practiced,  but 
a  dip-net  should  be  used  instead,  or,  if  the  fish 
are  large,  they  should  be  clubbed  before  they 
are  lifted  from  the  water.  Some  kinds  of  fish 
are  not  good  for  food,  and  there  have  been 
fishermen  who  were  such  brutes  that  they 
would  rip  open  these  fish  and  throw  them  back 
into  the  water  to  die  a  lingering  death.  Does 
it  seem  possible  that  any  human  being  could 
do  such  a  thing?  Many  a  poor  fish  has  been 
scaled  before  it  was  dead — another  case  of 
man's  thotlessness  and  cruelty.  Sometimes 
fish  are  packed  alive  in  boxes  of  broken  ice, 
and  are  shipped  in  this  way. 

You  can  easily  see  from  the  various  cruel- 
ties practiced,  that  unless  you  know  a  fish  was 
humanely  killed,  in  all  probability  it  was 
abused  in  some  way.  If  you  wish  to  be  hu- 
mane, then,  do  not  eat  the  flesh  of  any  fish 
unless  you  or  some  acquaintance  caught  it  and 
killed  it  at  once. 

"Why  is  it  that  down  thru  so  many  gen- 
erations snakes  have  been  considered  rightful 
victims  of  man's  murderous  tendencies?  Per- 
haps because  of  the  story  of  Adam  and  Eve 


57 

The  Treatment  of  Animals 

and  the  serpent.  But  are  snakes  to  blame  for 
this  story  or  for  the  fact  that  they  are  uncanny 
looking  and  are  obliged  to  crawl?  Snakes  are 
just  what  they  were  made.  Most  snakes  are 
harmless;  they  feed  upon  much  the  same  sort 
of  food  that  frogs  and  toads  do ;  probably  they 
do  much  good  by  destroying  harmful  insects. 
Let  them  live  and  enjoy  their  lives  as  best  they 
can.  There  is  no  good  reason  why  harmless 
snakes  should  be  killed. 

And  now  I  shall  speak  of  turtles.  Have  you 
ever  heard  that  turtles  are  sometimes  boiled 
alive?  Incredible  cruelty,  is  it  not?  Still,  it 
is  not  many  years  ago  that  I  read  in  a  cook- 
book, edited  by  one  of  the  most  widely  known 
women  in  the  United  States,  that  the  way  to 
stew  terrapins  was  to  stew  them  alive!  I  wrote 
that  woman  a  letter  which  I  hope  brought  her 
to  a  realization  of  her  cruelty.  Perhaps  an 
expert  scientist,  by  increasing  the  heat  gradu- 
ally, could  boil  a  frog  alive  without  causing  it 
pain.  But  for  pity's  sake  don't  any  of  you  try 
to  cook  any  living  thing  alive,  thinking  that 
you  can  do  it  without  causing  pain. 

It  is  very  encouraging  to  see  the  great  in- 
terest people  are  now  taking  in  birds.  The 
cruelties  that  have  been  practiced  on  them  seem 


58 


Jonathan  Upglade 

to  be  abating,  but  still  they  need  far  better 
treatment  than  they  receive.  The  best  class 
of  women  will  not  wear  birds'  plumage,  and  it 
is  to  be  hoped  that  this  barbarous  practice  will 
soon  be  abandoned  by  all  women. 

Children  should  be  taught  the  names  and 
habits  of  birds.  They  should  be  taught  to  treat 
all  birds  kindly.  Most  boys  would  consider  it 
a  very  mean,  cowardly  thing  to  injure  other 
boys  who  are  much  smaller  and  weaker  than 
themselves.  They  should  be  made  to  realize 
what  a  mean,  cowardly  thing  it  is  to  injure 
birds  or  other  little  animals. 

The  hunting  instinct  is  strong  in  many  boys, 
and  some  do  not  outgrow  it  when  they  become 
men.  But  if  boys  and  men  must  hunt,  they 
should  at  least  carefully  avoid  wounding  game 
that  they  can  not  get  at  once  and  kill.  Of 
course  they  should  never  kill  more  game  than 
they  can  use;  a  brute  who  would  kill  more 
game  than  he  could  use,  letting  it  spoil,  should 
be  deprived  of  his  gun  and  denied  the  right 
of  ever  hunting  again.  Many  hunters,  while 
hunting  for  real  game,  shoot  various  birds  such 
as  kingfishers,  bitterns,  loons,  and  others  which 
they  do  not  use.  This  form  of  cruelty  should 
be  strictly  prohibited. 


59 


The  Treatment  of  Animals 

Wild  birds  never  should  be  confined,  and  it 
seems  cruel  to  confine  even  canaries.  Probably 
fewer  canaries  are  kept  than  formerly,  and  it 
is  likely  the  practice  will  soon  die  out  entirely. 

Probably  by  far  the  greatest  part  of  the 
cruelty  to  birds  is  practiced  upon  domestic 
fowls.  The  poultry  industry  has  now  become 
one  of  the  greatest  of  the  live-stock  industries. 
The  number  of  fowls  killed  each  year  in  the 
United  States  alone  is  enormous.  Probably 
most  of  these  fowls,  with  the  exception  of 
geese  that  are  plucked  alive,  suffer  little  till 
they  are  sent  to  market.  When  sent  to  mar- 
ket, some  of  them  are  very  cruelly  treated. 
Some  are  tied  together  by  the  legs,  and  tied 
too  tightly.  Others  are  transported  in  coops 
that  are  too  small;  sometimes  several  coops  are 
piled  on  one  wagon,  and  the  wings  and  toes  of 
the  chickens  are  liable  to  get  caught  and 
crushed  between  the  coops  and  held  there  dur- 
ing the  journey  to  market  or  to  the  shipping- 
house.  There  are  regular  shipping-houses  in 
some  cities,  where  fowls  are  handled  by  the 
thousand.  I  never  have  seen  just  how  the  work 
is  done,  but  think  the  fowls  are  often  very 
roughly  handled.  All  these  shipping-houses 
should  be  very  carefully  watched  by  agents  of 


60 


Jonathan  Upglade 

the  humane  societies,  and  the  men  should  be 
made  to  handle  the  fowls  carefully  and  kill 
them  humanely.  Great  care  should  be  taken 
that  every  fowl  is  really  dead  before  it  is 
plucked.  It  seems  to  me  that  every  fowl  should 
be  beheaded  before  it  is  plucked.  What  is  the 
sense  of  shipping  fowls  with  the  heads  on? 
To  say  nothing  of  the  most  humane  way  of 
killing,  it  is  not  economical,  because  the  heads 
are  thrown  away  sooner  or  later.  Better  cut 
off  the  heads  the  first  thing;  then  charge  a  lit- 
tle more  per  pound  for  the  rest  of  the  fowl. 

I  suppose  appliances  could  easily  be  made  by 
which  all  kinds  of  animals,  from  oysters  up  to 
cattle,  could  be  painlessly  killed  by  electricity. 
I  wish  such  appliances  might  be  installed  at 
once  in  great  packing-houses  and  elsewhere 
It  would  be  an  especially  good  way  to  kill  crabs 
and  lobsters.  Eats  and  other  vermin  caught 
in  cities  might  be  humanely  killed  in  this  way. 

The  old  practice  of  plucking  live  geese  I  be- 
lieve to  be  a  very  cruel  one.  Every  person  who 
uses  an  ounce  of  live  geese  feathers,  helps  to 
create  a  demand  for  more  and  so  is  guilty  of 
cruelty.  As  soon  as  people  refused  to  buy  or 
use  live  geese  feathers,  the  practice  of  plucking 
the  birds  alive  would  be  stopped.  I  think  it  is 


61 


The  Treatment  of  Animals 

now  prohibited  by  law  in  some  places,  and  I 
hope  it  soon  will  be  prohibited  everywhere. 
Dealers  should  be  prohibited  from  selling  live 
geese  feathers. 

Rats  and  mice  are  shown  no  mercy  by  many. 
But  can  rats  and  mice  help  being  rats  and 
mice? 

Let  me  read  a  poison  advertisement  that  I 
clipped  from  a  newspaper.  The  advertisement 
was  inserted  by  a  druggist  who  is  a  member  of 
this  church;  the  newspaper  is  published  by  an- 
other member  of  this  church.  The  advertise- 
ment reads  as  follows: 


"IT   BURNS   THEM  UP ! 

"Eats  and  mice  soon  have  a  burning 
feeling  inside  after  eating  Electric  Rat 
and  Roach  Poison.  They  rush  out  of 
doors  for  air  and  water,  and  quickly  die. 
Positively  guaranteed  as  sure  death  to 
rats,  mice,  cockroaches,  and  all  vermin.  2 
oz.  box  25c. 

—ELECTRIC  POISON  Co." 

Now  let  me  read  Burns' poem  "To  a  Mouse' 


62 


ON    TURNING    UP    HER    NEST   WITH    THE    PLOUGH, 
NOVEMBER,    1785. 

Wee,  sleekit,  cowrin,  tim'rous  beastie, 
Oh,  what  a  panic 's  in  thy  breastie ! 
Thou  need  na  start  awa  sae  hasty 

Wi'  bickerin  brattle! 
I  wad  be  laith  to  rin  an'  chase  thee 

Wi'  nrard'rin  pattle! 

I'm  truly  sorry  man's  dominion 
Has  broken  nature's  social  union, 
An'  justifies  that  ill  opinion 

Which  makes  thee  startle 
At  me,  thy  poor  earth-born  companion, 

An'  fellow-mortal! 

I  doubna,  whyles,  but  thou  may  thieve : 
What  then?  poor  beastie,  thou  maun  live! 
A  daimen  icker  in  a  thrave 

'S  a  sma'  request; 
I'll  get  a  blessin  wi'  the  lave, 

An'  never  miss't! 

Thy  wee  bit  housie,  too,  in  ruin! 
Its  silly  wa's  the  win's  are  strewin! 
An'  naething,  now,  to  big  a  new  ane, 

0'  foggage  green! 
An'  bleak  December's  winds  ensuin, 

Baith  snell  an'  keen! 


63 

The  Treatment  of  Animals 

Thou  saw  the  fields  laid  bare  an'  waste, 
An'  weary  winter  comin  fast, 
An'  cozy  here  beneath  the  blast 

Thou  thought  to  dwell, 
.Till  crash!  the  cruel  coulter  past 

Out  thro'  thy  cell. 

That  wee  bit  heap  o'  leaves  an'  stibble 
Has  cost  thee  monie  a  weary  nibble! 
Now  thou's  turn'd  out  for  a'  thy  trouble, 

But  house  or  hald, 
To  thole  the  winter's  sleety  dribble 

An'  cranreuch  cauld! 

But,  Mousie,  thou  art  no  thy  lane 
In  proving  foresight  may  be  vain: 
The  best  laid  schemes  o'  mice  an'  men 

Gang  aft  a-gley, 
An'  lea'e  us  nought  but  grief  an'  pain 

For  promis'd  joy. 

Still  thou  art  blest,  compar'd  wi'  me! 
The  present  only  toucheth  thee: 
But,  och!  I  backward  cast  my  ee 

On  prospects  drear! 
An'  forward,  tho'  I  canna  see, 

I  guess  an'  fear. 

Do  you  think  that  the  feelings  of  the  drug- 
gist and  the  editor  compare  favorably  with 
those  of  Burns? 


64 


Jonathan  Upglade 

Does  it  not  hurt  rats  and  mice  to  die  by 
poison?  Does  it  not  hurt  rats  to  be  caught  in 
steel  traps,  and  perhaps  remain  there  for 
hours?  Does  it  not  hurt  mice  to  be  caught  in 
certain  kinds  of  traps  that  are  often  used? 
Rats  and  mice  may  be  caught  in  large  wire 
traps,  and  killed  with  a  club  or  shingle  as  they 
run  out;  it  seems  cruel  to  immerse  the  traps 
and  drown  the  prisoners  as  is  sometimes  done. 
Never  poison  rats,  mice,  gophers,  or  any  such 
animals.  Never  catch  them  in  cruel  traps.  In 
cities,  vermin  should  be  caught  alive  in  wire 
traps  that  would  not  hurt  them,  and  should  be 
taken  to  some  place,  before  they  get  hungry  or 
thirsty,  and  painlessly  killed  by  electricity. 
They  should  be  transported  in  covered  con- 
veyances, so  they  would  not  suffer  from  fear. 

Cats  are  another  species  of  animals  that 
often  are  abused.  Altho  they  are  among 
the  most  intelligent  of  animals,  they  often 
are  poisoned  or  drowned  or  otherwise  cruelly 
treated.  Sometimes  they  are  abandoned  by 
people  when  they  move,  and  are  left  to  suf- 
fer and  perhaps  starve.  Some  unprincipled 
people  who  have  more  cats  or  kittens  than  they 
want  and  who  are  too  lazy  or  cowardly  to  kill 
them,  drop  them  by  the  roadside  where  they 


66 


The  Treatment  of  Animals 

suffer,  or  more  likely  go  to  the  nearest  house 
and  become  a  nuisance  there.  Cats  are  often 
worried  by  dogs  and  cruel  children. 

Of  course  cats  increase  very  rapidly,  and  the 
number  must  be  kept  down  in  some  way.  The 
best  way  is  to  kill  the  kittens  before  their  eyes 
are  open.  Strike  their  heads  violently  on  a 
stone,  crushing  their'  skulls.  If  this  is  done 
properly,  death  is  instantaneous.  Be  sure  the 
kittens  are  dead.  Leave  one  kitten  for  the 
mother  cat;  she  will  soon  be  as  happy  as  if  she 
had  the  whole  litter. 

Surplus  puppies  should  be  killed  in  the  same 
way. 

Many  people  keep  more  cats  and  dogs  than 
they  can  care  for  properly;  it  is  cruel  to  have 
animals  about  that  one  can  not  feed  properly 
and  care  for  well  in  other  ways.  The  humane 
thing  to  do  is  to  kill  the  surplus  animals  in  a 
humane  way. 

If  dogs  are  kept  at  all,  they  should  be 
well  cared  for.  Many  people  keep  dogs  who 
ought  not  to  do  so;  some  keep  their  dogs 
chained  or  confined  nearly  all  the  time,  so 
that  life  is  a  misery  to  them;  others  let  their 
dogs  run  at  large  and  be  nuisances  to  the  neigh- 
bors. Far  too  many  dogs  are  kept ;  if  a  family 


Jonathan  Upglade 

is  not  so  situated  that  it  can  keep  a  dog  and 
prevent  it  from  being  a  nuisance  to  anybody 
and  at  the  same  time  have  it  happy,  it  is  much 
better  to  keep  no  dog. 

"When  necessary  to  kill  dogs,  it  should  be 
done  in  a  humane  way;  probably  shooting 
thru  the  brain  is  the  best  way.  A  wretch 
cruel  enough  to  poison  a  dog,  should  be  sent  to 
prison  for  a  considerable  number  of  years. 

Be  sure  that  your  cats  or  dogs  do  not  fall 
into  the  hands  of  vivisectors.  The  devilish 
cruelties  of  some  vivisectors  will  be  spoken  of 
later. 

Calves  are  sometimes  brot  to  market  with 
their  legs  tied  together.  The  cords  are  liable 
to  be  tied  so  tightly  as  to  cause  much  suffering. 
Even  if  the  cords  were  not  tied  too  tightly,  the 
unnatural,  cramped  position  in  which  the 
calves  are  obliged  to  lie  must  cause  them  much 
suffering.  Sheep  and  other  animals  are  some- 
times treated  in  this  way.  The  laws  should 
prohibit  the  tying  together  of  the  legs  or  feet 
of  any  animal.  Animals  should  be  driven  care- 
fully to  market  or  should  be  transported  in 
coops,  racks,  or  cars  that  are  properly  con- 
structed and  not  overcrowded.  No  animal 
should  be  made  to  suffer  from  heat,  cold,  hun- 


67 


The  Treatment  of  Animals 

ger,  or  thirst  during  transportation.  All  ani- 
mals that  lie  down  should  have  ample  room  to 
do  so. 

The  various  cruelties  that  are  practiced  upon 
horses  are  well  known. 

At  last,  science,  in  its  great  onward  march, 
has  reached  a  point  such  that  the  use  of  horses 
will  little  longer  be  necessary.  Horses  will 
cease  to  be  abused  because  they  will  cease  to 
exist.  With  the  exception  of  very  limited  num- 
bers, horses  will  no  longer  be  kept,  and  the 
few  that  are  kept  probably  will  be  well  cared 
for.  However,  during  the  transition  period, 
while  horses  are  disappearing  and  automobiles 
and  other  machines  are  appearing,  there  will 
be  much  work  to  be  done  in  preventing  the 
abuse  of  horses.  A  large  percentage  of  old- 
horses  will  be  used,  and  old  horses  are  specially 
liable  to  abuse. 

I  shall  mention  some  of  the  ways  in  which 
horses  are  abused. 

One  of  the  worst  cruelties  practiced  upon 
horses,  as  well  as  upon  cattle  and  other  ani- 
mals, is  the  keeping  them  in  barns  that  are  not 
fire-proof.  Frequently  we  read  of  horses  and 
other  animals  that  have  perished  in  burning 
barns.  Some  of  the  animals  suffocate  before 


68 


Jonathan  Upglade 

the  fire  reaches  them.  Others  are  burned  as 
they  stand  in  their  stalls,  powerless  to  escape. 
Can  you  imagine  a  more  terrible  form  of  death 
than  this? 

Stock  should  be  kept  in  fire-proof  buildings. 
Numerous  doors  should  be  made  in  convenient 
places  to  insure  escape  if  adjoining  buildings 
burn.  Hay  and  other  combustible  material 
should  be  kept  in  other  buildings;  these  build- 
ings might  be  near  and  they  need  not  be  fire- 
proof. This  arrangement  would,  of  course,  ne- 
cessitate more  work  and  expense;  however,  the 
laws  ought  to  insist  upon  it  as  it  would  prevent 
the  numerous  terrible  holocausts  that  now  oc- 
cur. 

The  government  should  prohibit  the  manu- 
facture or  sale  of  matches,  except  safety 
matches.  Many  fires  are  started  by  children  or 
drunken  people;  perhaps  many  are  started  by 
mice.  If  none  but  safety  matches  were  used, 
the  number  of  fires  would  be  greatly  reduced. 

Many  horses  are  overloaded.  The  load  a 
horse  can  comfortably  haul  depends  upon  a 
good  many  things.  It  depends  upon  the 
strength  of  the  horse,  the  way  he  is  harnessed, 
the  way  he  is  driven,  the  character  of  the 
vehicle,  the  roughness  of  the  road,  the  number 


The  Treatment  of  Animals 

and  steepness  of  the  hills,  the  temperature,  the 
number  of  hours  per  week  the  horse  works,  the 
frequency  of  rests,  and  so  forth.  Humane  so- 
cieties should  employ  agents  who  understand 
horses  well  and  who  have  good  general  com- 
mon sense ;  the  average  person  would  be  unable 
to  judge  the  proper  load  for  a  horse  to  haul. 
Often,  horses  drawing  surreys  are  badly  over- 
worked, while  teams  drawing  heavy  loads  of 
ice  and  coal  may  do  it  easily  enough. 

Probably  three-fourths  of  the  people  who 
drive  horses  are  incompetent  to  do  it  properly; 
either  they  are  careless  as  to  the  comfort  of  the 
horses,  or  they  are  ignorant  as  to  the  proper 
ways  of  driving.  Many  of  the  incompetent 
drivers  are  women  and  boys. 

The  speed  at  which  a  horse  may  be  properly 
driven  depends  upon  much  the  same  things  as 
the  weight  of  the  load  he  can  comfortably  haul. 
Never  hurry  a  horse  up  hill,  and  do  not  make 
him  trot  at  once  after  reaching  the  top;  he  is 
likely  to  be  out  of  breath  and  tired  even  tho  he 
has  walked  up  the  hill. 

A  large  amount  of  the  whipping  of  horses  is 
useless  or  much  worse  than  useless.  Some  driv- 
ers who  do  not  use  the  whip,  jerk  their  horses 
frequently  to  hurry  them  along;  this  should 
not  be  done. 


70 


Jonathan  Upglade 

Many  of  the  bits  in  use  are  cruel.  Of  course, 
some  horses  are  so  high-mettled  or  bad-tem- 
pered that  comparatively  harsh  bits  must  be 
used.  It  takes  excellent  judgment  to  deter- 
mine just  what  sort  of  bit  each  horse  should 
have;  this  is  another  reason  why  the  agents  of 
humane  societies  should  understand  horses  well. 

High-checking  causes  misery  for  thousands 
of  horses.  In  eases  of  stumblers,  kickers,  and 
high-mettled  or  ugly  horses,  a  certain  degree  of 
high-checking  may  be  expedient,  but  in  most 
cases  I  believe  it  to  be  useless  and  cruel.  See 
if  your  horse's  check  does  not  need  letting  out. 
You  had  better  discard  the  overcheck,  unless 
there  is  some  good  reason  for  not  doing  so. 

Many  horses  are  not  fed  sufficiently.  Others 
are  given  a  sufficient  quantity,  but  the  quality 
and  variety  is  not  what  is  needed.  Eemember 
that  a  horse  enjoys  and  needs  some  variety  in 
his  food.  ,' 

Many  horses  suffer  from  being  tied  in  the 
heat  or  cold.  Policemen  or  officers  of  the 
humane  societies  should  arrest  all  persons 
guilty  of  this  cruelty.  One  of  the  worst  evils 
of  the  saloons  is  the  fact  that  men  tarry  there 
and  let  their  horses  suffer.  Unless  it  is  very 
necessary,  horses  should  not  be  driven  when  it 
is  very  hot  or  very  cold. 


71 

The  Treatment  of  Animals 

Horses  should  not  be  kept  in  confinement. 
Unless  driven  often,  they  should  be  allowed  to 
run  in  pastures  or  paddocks  when  the  weather 
is  suitable.  They  should  not  be  kept  in  dark 
stables,  but  the  stables  should  have  enough  win- 
dows to  light  them  well;  it  is  best  to  arrange 
the  windows  so  the  horses  can  look  out. 

The  docking  of  horses'  tails  should  be  pro- 
hibited by  law;  the  practice  is  barbarous. 

Do  not  treat  your  horse  as  if  he  were  a  ma- 
chine; speak  kindly  to  him,  and  make  him  feel 
that  you  are  his  friend. 

In  the  killing  of  fur-bearing  animals,  terri- 
ble cruelty  is  sometimes  practiced.  The  steel 
trap  is  much  used,  and  it  is  an  extremely  cruel 
trap,  especially  if  it  is  set  where  the  animal 
will  not  soon  drown  after  being  caught.  Ani- 
mals caught  in  steel  traps  are  often  left  to  suf- 
fer for  hours  and  sometimes  for  days  before  the 
trapper  comes  and  kills  them.  The  springs  of 
these  traps  are  strong,  and  the  jaws  bruise  or 
break  the  legs  of  the  animals  caught  in  them. 
The  suffering  of  the  victims  must  be  great. 

Probably  deadfalls  usually  cause  instant 
death;  but  they  should  not  be  used,  for  some- 
times only  a  part  of  the  animal 's  body  is  caught 
under  them  and  it  may  live  in  terrible  agony 


72 


Jonathan  Upglade 

till  the  trapper  at  last  comes.  Snares  that 
catch  animals  around  the  neck  and  choke  them, 
are  cruel  contrivances ;  they  should  not  be  used. 
Terrible  stories  are  told  of  the  cruelties  that 
have  been  practiced  by  seal  fishers.  Mother 
seals  have  been  killed  by  the  thousand,  when 
their  pups  were  too  young  to  care  for  them- 
selves; the  bodies  of  thousands  of  dead  pups 
have  been  found  floating.  The  horrible  cruelty 
of  skinning  seals  alive  and  throwing  the  living 
bodies  into  the  sea,  has  been  reported.  I  wish 
all  women  who  wear,  or  intend  to  buy  seal-skin 
cloaks,  might  read  "The  Cost  of  a  Seal-Skin 
Coat",  written  by  Mr.  M.  F.  Lovell  and  pub- 
lished in  the  "Journal  of  Zoophily".* 

The  various  kinds  of  stock  are  sometimes 
badly  abused.  In  combating  evils,  we  should 
first  try  very  carefully  to  get  a  conception  of 
the  relative  magnitude  of  evils ;  if  we  do  not  do 
this,  we  are  likely  to  spend  our  energy  in  com- 
bating small  evils  while  we  neglect  great  ones. 
This  evil  of  the  abuse  of  stock  is  certainly  an 
enormous  one,  and  it  should  have  very  much 
more  attention  than  it  now  receives.  I  wish 
you  would  all  try  to  realize  the  enormity  of  it. 

*  Leaflets  bearing  this  article  can  be  obtained  at  the  office  of  the  Women's 
Fenna.  S.  P.  C.  A.,  1530  Chestnut  St.,  Philadelphia. 


73 

The  Treatment  of  Animals 

Sometimes  stock  has  been  shipped  long  dis- 
tances without  food  or  water,  and  in  some  cases 
the  cars  were  so  crowded  that  the  animals  could 
not  lie  down;  if  there  are  not  laws  to  prevent 
this  cruelty,  they  should  be  enacted  at  once. 
Some  of  the  herds  on  the  large  western  ranches 
suffer  terribly  each  winter;  ranchmen  ought  to 
be  required  by  law  to  furnish  their  stock  food 
and  shelter  during  bad  weather;  the  cruelties 
to  horses  in  the  cities  are  probably  insignificant 
compared  to  the  cruelties  in  winter  to  stock  on 
some  of  the  western  ranches.  At  the  present 
time,  in  the  United  States  alone,  there  are  prob- 
ably between  200,000,000  and  300,000,000  swine, 
sheep,  cattle,  and  horses.  Probably  nearly  one- 
half  of  these  animals  have  suffered  an  opera- 
tion of  some  kind.  These  operations,  cruel 
enough  at  best,  are  sometimes  performed  by 
bunglers  with  unsuitable  instruments.  Think 
of  it!  100,000,000  or  more  operations  in 
the  United  States  alone!  Working  night  and 
day  for  three  hundred  and  sixty-five  days 
each  year  for  more  than  three  years,  one  ani- 
mal must  be  brot  to  the  torment  each  sec- 
ond in  order  to  finish  the  work.  The  process 
of  branding  must  be  a  very  painful  one.  The 
process  of  castrating  must,  also,  be  very  pain- 


74 


Jonathan  Upglade 

ful  as  it  is  now  done.  This  abuse  is,  probably, 
the  worst  of  all.  Nearly  all  male  animals,  ex- 
cept those  killed  when  very  young,  are  made 
to  suffer.  Could  not  the  end  be  attained  with- 
out an  operation,  or  if  an  operation  is  neces- 
sary could  not  anaesthetics  be  used?  Dehorn- 
ing probably  results  in  benefit  to  most  herds, 
but  some  painless  way  of  doing  it  should  be 
practiced;  probably  the  growth  of  the  budding 
horns  of  calves  could  be  painlessly  arrested 
with  some  liquid.  If  operations  of  any  kind 
are  to  be  performed,  why  should  not  anaesthet- 
ics be  used?  Certainly  some  way  should  be  de- 
vised to  abolish  the  cruelties  now  practiced.  All 
operations  should  be  illegal,  unless  performed 
by,  or  under  the  direct  supervision  of,  com- 
petent government  agents.  This  is  a  matter 
that  the  government  should  take  control  of  at 
once. 

As  man  is  so  much  the  most  important  of 
the  animals,  I  shall  devote  other  sermons  to 
questions  relating  to  his  welfare. 

In  closing  this  sermon,  I  shall  mention  some 
of  the  ways  in  which  each  of  you  can  help 
abolish  cruelty  to  animals:— 

1.  Practice  no  direct  cruelty  yourself. 

2.  Eat  the  flesh  of  no  animal  unless  it  was 
killed  in  a  humane  manner. 


75 


The  Treatment  of  Animals 

3.  Use  no  fur  or  other  product  of  any  animal 
that  was  not  killed  in  a  humane  manner. 

4.  Patronize   no   teamster   or   Iiackman   who 
abuses  his  team. 

5.  Teach  your  children  to  be  kind  to  all  ani- 
mals. 

6.  Help   to   secure   laws   prohibiting   vivisec- 
tion, and  laws  protecting  animals  in  other  ways. 

7.  Do  not  attend  an  institution  or  make  gifts 
to  an  institution  in  which  vivisection  is  prac- 
ticed. 

8.  Help  to  establish,  in  your  town,  a  society 
for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals.  Prose- 
cute offenders. 


SUGGESTIONS   REGARDING   CITIES 

Today  I  shall  offer  numerous  suggestions  re- 
garding cities.  Many  of  the  laws  I  suggest  are 
already  in  force  in  some  cities,  but  I  wish  they 
might  all  be  in  force  in  all  cities. 

Found  cities  on  well-drained  and  fairly  high 
ground.  If  hilly  places  can  be  avoided,  much 
expense  can  be  saved. 

As  far  as  possible,  preserve  the  timber  and 
other  natural  beauties  of  city  sites. 

In  platting  cities,  make  the  lots  of  good 
size.  Have  the  streets  at  right  angles  to  one 
another,  so  all  blocks  will  be  rectangles;  prob- 
ably it  is  best  to  have  the  blocks  two  or  three 
times  as  long  as  wide. 

Be  sure  to  reserve  numerous  ample  spaces, 
each  a  block  or  more  in  area,  for  parks,  play- 
grounds, school-grounds,  hospital-grounds,  and 
other  purposes.  Bear  in  mind  that  in  after  years 
these  places  could  be  secured  only  at  great 
cost.  Have  cemeteries  at  a  considerable  dis- 


78 


Jonathan  Upglade 

tance  from  cities,  so  the  cities  will  not  soon 
grow  up  to  them  and  surround  them;  secure 
ample  grounds  for  cemeteries. 

Have  the  street  grades  established  at  once 
by  competent  engineers;  this  will  save  much 
trouble  and  expense  later.  Make  macadam  or 
asphalt  streets,  with  cement  gutters.  Make  the 
streets  wide,  so  grass-plots  may  be  made  at  the 
sides  and  perhaps  in  the  middle.  Probably  it  is 
wise  to  have  a  narrow  park  extend  along  the 
middle  of  each  street:  then  require  all  vehicles 
to  keep  on  the  right-hand  side;  this  would  save 
much  inconvenience  and  many  accidents.  Keep 
the  streets  well  cleaned  and  sprinkled ;  it  would 
be  well  to  flood  the  streets  early  every  morn- 
ing, thus  washing  away  the  dust;  sidewalks 
might  be  made  in  such  a  way  that  they  could 
be  flooded  without  water  running  into  base- 
ments. 

Have  the  sidewalks  of  a  uniform  kind.  Re- 
quire them  to  be  kept  in  good  repair  and  free 
from  ice  and  snow.  The  width  of  sidewalks 
should  be  much  more  in  business  parts  of  cities 
than  in  residence  parts.  Sidewalks  and  spaces 
between  sidewalks  and  roads,  in  front  of  stores 
and  other  places,  should  be  kept  free  from  ob- 


79 


Suggestions  Regarding  Cities 

structions;  no  boxes,  barrels,  baskets  of  fruit, 
or  other  things  should  be  allowed  on  them. 

Encourage  or  require  the  building  of  fire- 
proof buildings. 

Factories  and  other  business  buildings  should 
be  attractive  as  well  as  dwellings. 

Allow  no  barn  or  other  outbuilding  to  be 
erected  within  thirty  feet  of  any  street.  Many 
cities  and  villages  are  spoiled  by  having  out- 
buildings close  to  the  streets  and  consequently 
often  in  front  of  dwellings  across  the  streets. 
Trees,  hedges,  and  vines  should  be  planted  so 
as  to  screen  barns  and  other  outbuildings. 

By  the  diagram  it  may  be  seen  how  the  view 
of  many  families  is  spoiled.  Thorpe's  barn  is 
at  the  side  of  his  own  house  and  directly  in 
front  of  Hunter's  house;  it  is  also  in  plain 
sight  of  Hill  and  Gray.  Salter's  barn  spoils 
Hill's  view,  and  is  an  eyesore  to  Gray,  Randall, 
Hunter,  and  others.  Hunter's  barn  is  too  near 
the  street.  Gray's  barn  is  too  near  the  street, 
and  is  nearly  in  front  of  Pickett's  house.  Pow- 
ell's barn  and  windmill  are  a  great  nuisance  to 
Vincent  and  Amidon,  besides  being  in  view  of 
several  other  neighbors.  Older 's  barn  is  nearer 
the  street  than  necessary.  The  billboard  is  a 
nuisance  to  the  whole  neighborhood,  but  spe- 


80 


Jonathan  Upglade 

cially  so  to  Hamline  and  Kimball.  The  slov- 
enly condition  of  the  street  in  front  of  the 
paintshop  and  smithy  spoils  Kent's  place.  The 
slovenly  condition  of  the  village  affects  every 
person  who  passes  along  the  streets. 

It  would  be  well  for  people  to  club  together 
and  build  large,  attractive  barns  for  their 
horses  and  automobiles.  If  cities  border  on 
bodies  of  water,  a  few  large,  attractive  boat- 
houses  should  be  built  in  which  to  keep  all  the 
boats;  abolish  the  small,  unsightly  structures. 

"When  any  sort  of  building  is  built,  all  mate- 
rials should  be  kept  off  the  streets;  at  present, 
the  appearance  of  a  neighborhood  is  often 
spoiled  for  weeks  at  a  time  by  piles  of  sand, 
brick,  stone,  lumber,  and  other  materials;  if 
really  necessary  to  put  materials  on  the  street, 
make  the  builder  pay  so  much  per  week  for  the 
privilege;  I  think  it  would  be  interesting  to 
see  how  few  would  think  it  necessary  if  they 
were  obliged  to  pay. 

Use  the  greatest  care  to  secure  the  city  water- 
supply  from  as  good  a  source  as  possible. 

Have  numerous  fountains,  especially  in  busi- 
ness parts  of  cities;  they  will  decrease  the  sale 
of  liquor.  Keep  fountains  supplied  with  cups. 
Have  fountains  such  that  dogs  and  squirrels 
can  drink. 


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81 


Suggestions  Regarding  Cities 

Have  street  ends  beautified  under  the  direc- 
tion of  competent  landscape  gardeners. 

Construct  a  beautiful  system  of  parks  and 
drives  in  the  country  near  each  city. 

Encourage  the  planting  of  good  trees,  such 
as  oaks,  lindens,  elms,  and  maples;  have  trees 
even  on  the  busiest  business  streets.  They  will 
prevent  many  cases  of  sunstroke  and  much 
other  suffering  from  heat.  Forbid  the  use  of 
unsightly  tree  protectors. 

Require  trees  near  sidewalks  to  be  trimmed 
to  a  proper  height.  Trees  that  have  tap  roots 
will  crack  cement  walks  much  less  than  those 
species  that  have  roots  near  the  surface.  Teach 
people  how  to  set  out  trees  and  how  to  take 
proper  care  of  them  later;  thousands  of  trees 
are  nearly  ruined  by  being  trimmed  too  much. 

Require  each  one  to  care  for  his  grounds 
well,  especially  the  front  lawn  and  the  space 
between  the  sidewalk  and  the  gutter.  Each  city 
should  employ  men  to  mow  and  otherwise  clean 
up  slovenly  places;  the  expense  should  be 
charged  to  the  property  owners  or  renters. 

Forbid  the  spreading  of  stable  manure  on 
lawns,  within  twenty  feet  of  any  sidewalk;  it 
might  be  well  to  entirely  prohibit  the  use  of  it 
on  lawns.  Besides  being  unsightly  and  ill- 


82 


Jonathan  Upglade 

smelling  as  it  lies  on  the  lawns,  it  often  Is 
scattered  on  the  sidewalks  and  becomes  a  great 
nuisance.  Fertilizers  in  the  form  of  powder 
should  be  applied. 

Persons  throwing  bottles,  boxes,  paper,  or 
other  rubbish  upon  sidewalks  or  roads  or  other 
public  places,  should  be  fined. 

Cities  should  employ  a  sufficient  number  of 
persons  to  go  about  the  streets  and  pick  up 
papers  and  other  rubbish  on  the  roads,  grass- 
plots,  and  sidewalks;  every  part  of  the  city 
should  be  carefully  gone  over  at  least  once  each 
day.  Keep  all  alleys  neat  and  clean. 

Allow  no  one  to  burn  paper,  leaves,  or  any- 
thing else  in  the  streets. 

Prohibit  the  placing  of  signs  so  they  will 
extend  across  streets  or  project  over  streets. 
Prohibit  the  placing  of  unsightly  signs  so  that 
they  will  extend  across  or  project  over  side- 
walks. 

Allow  no  one  to  build  steps  or  porches  so 
they  will  extend  over  the  sidewalk  line. 

Require  that  awnings  be  placed  higher  than 
the  head  of  a  tall  man. 

Require  all  persons  to  keep  their  windows 
free  from  vulgar  pictures  and  statuary. 

Children  and  others  who  deface  buildings 
with  chalk  or  in  other  ways,  should  be  fined. 


83 


Suggestions  Regarding  Cities 

Every  person  who  spits  upon  a  sidewalk, 
should  be  fined. 

All  billboards  should  be  abolished.  Even  tho 
the  pictures  on  them  are  decent,  they  spoil  the 
looks  of  the  neighborhood.  Prohibit  the  paint- 
ing or  posting  of  signs  or  bills  on  trees,  fences, 
bridges,  buildings,  or  other  places;  of  course, 
business  men  should  be  allowed  to  have  their 
private  signs  on  their  own  buildings,  provided 
the  signs  are  decent  and  not  unsightly. 

Each  city  or  village  should  have  a  dumping- 
ground.  Large  cities  need  several.  All  rub- 
bish and  garbage  that  is  not  properly  disposed 
of  at  home,  should  be  taken  to  these  dumping- 
grounds  in  neat  covered  wagons.  The  dump- 
ing-grounds should  be  screened  by  hedges  or 
high  fences.  Persons  dumping  rubbish  on 
any  private  or  public  property— on  vacant 
lots,  streets,  roads,  or  other  places— should  be 
fined  heavily.  Many  roadsides  and  other  places 
that  naturally  are  beautiful,  are  spoiled  by  old 
cans,  pails,  and  other  rubbish. 

All  loads  of  manure,  straw,  hay,  sand, 
crushed  stone,  or  other  loose  material,  should 
be  carried  in  such  vehicles  that  there  will  be 
no  scattering  of  the  loads. 

All  smokestacks  should  be  of  a  proper  height. 


84 


Jonathan  Upglade 

Require  the  use  of  spark-catchers  and  smoke- 
consumers  if  they  can  be  used  to  advantage. 

Abolish  poles,  and  have  no  wires  in  sight. 
Probably  the  time  will  soon  come  when  no  wires 
will  be  necessary,  but  as  long  as  they  are  used, 
keep  them  underground. 

Lights  should  be  placed  upon  towers  or  ar- 
ranged in  some  other  way  so  that  poles  will 
not  be  needed. 

Require  junk-dealers  to  keep  their  junk  out 
of  sight. 

Prohibit  the  throwing  of  offal  and  other  rub- 
bish into  bodies  of  water.  Try  to  dispose  of 
sewage  in  some  way  other  than  letting  it  run 
into  bodies  of  water. 

Keep  the  shores  of  all  bodies  of  water  free 
from  dead  fish  and  rubbish  of  all  kinds. 

Forbid  the  distribution  of  circulars,  sample 
packages,  and  such  things  by  leaving  them  at 
houses  and  places  of  business. 

Prohibit  the  crying  of  newspapers  and  other 
things;  it  is  unnecessary,  and  is  unpleasant  to 
hear,  especially  on  Sundays. 

Require  all  cars  and  other  public  vehicles  to 
be  kept  free  from  dust,  and  otherwise  clean. 
This  will  help  prevent  diseases,  as  well  as  im- 
prove appearances. 


86 


Suggestions  Regarding  Cities 

Regulate  the  speed  of  various  vehicles. 

Allow  no  one  to  stop  vehicles  on  crosswalks. 

Require  railways  to  maintain  gates  at  all 
grade  crossings. 

Keep  traffic  underground  as  much  as  pos- 
sible. 

Prohibit  the  sale  of  harmful  or  useless  so- 
called  medicines;  also,  of  adulterated  or  harm- 
ful foods  or  drinks.  Be  sure  the  bread  and 
other  articles  sold  by  bakers  are  healthful. 

Prohibit  the  use  of  any  form  of  tobacco  by 
minors. 

Permit  no  druggist  to  sell  liquors  or  opium, 
except  on  a  physician's  prescription. 

Prohibit  the  sale  of  harmful  corsets. 

Permit  no  one  to  sell  eye-glasses  except  com- 
petent opticians. 

Require  all  physicians,  surgeons,  and  dentists 
to  be  well  qualified. 

Permit  no  dentist  to  extract  good  teeth. 

Prohibit  the  building  of  unsanitary  houses 
and  tenements.  There  should  be  stringent 
building  laws,  regulating  the  amount  of  air- 
space in  each  room,  and  so  forth. 

Each  city  should  have  a  curfew  ordinance. 

Prohibit  prize-fighting,  cock-fighting,  and 
foot-ball  as  played  at  present,  but  encourage  all 


Jonathan  Upglade 

sensible  games  and  amusements:  do  not  fail  to 
encourage  good  amusements  when  you  prohibit 
evil  ones;  people,  and  especially  young  people, 
must  have  plenty  of  amusement  if  they  are  to 
develop  symmetrically. 

Prohibit  the  use  of  slot-machines,  and  pro- 
hibit all  other  forms  of  gambling. 

Abolish  all  saloons  and  dives.  If  not  possi- 
ble to  keep  saloons  out  of  the  whole  city,  keep 
them  out  of  as  many  wards  as  possible. 

Permit  no  one  to  sell  any  indecent  pictures 
or  statues;  permit  no  one  to  display  such 
things  in  any  store  or  in  any  other  public 
place. 

Prohibit  the  sale  or  the  keeping  in  stock  of 
any  indecent  papers,  magazines,  or  books. 

Prohibit  all  indecent  theatres. 

Permit  no  circus  or  other  show  of  any  kind 
to  exhibit  unless  it  is  strictly  modest  and  pure 
in  every  way. 

Abolish  street  fairs,  county  fairs,  state  fairs, 
and  all  other  fairs,  including  world's  fairs,  un- 
less the  fairs  and  the  surroundings  can  be  kept 
respectable  in  all  ways.  Probably  indecent 
dances  and  shows  near  some  of  the  world's 
fairs  recently  held,  have  caused  the  fall  or  par- 
tial demoralization  of  great  numbers.  It  seems 


87 


Suggestions  Regarding  Cities 

very  difficult  to  have  fairs  that  are  elevating. 
Abolish  them  entirely  if  they  can  not  be  car- 
ried on  without  indecent  shows,  dances,  dis- 
plays of  monstrosities,  dare-devil  feats,  and  so 
forth. 

Permit  no  one  to  keep  hogs  inside  the  city 
limits.  Even  if  the  hogs  were  quiet  and  prop- 
erly confined,  the  smell  from  the  pens  might 
be  offensive. 

Persons  keeping  horses  or  cattle,  should  have 
the  manure  piles  out  of  sight;  have  them  sur- 
rounded by  buildings  or  high  board  fences. 

It  is  best  to  require  a  high  dog-tax,  thus  re- 
ducing largely  the  number  of  useless  dogs. 

There  should  be  city  laws  prohibiting  vivi- 
section, even  tho  there  are  state  laws. 

Prohibit  the  sale  of  the  flesh,  fur,  or  skin  of 
any  animal  that  was  not  killed  in  a  humane 
way;  in  fact,  prohibit  the  sale  of  any  animal 
or  any  part  or  product  of  any  animal  that  was 
not  killed  in  a  humane  way. 

Prohibit  the  sale  of  cruel  traps,  and  of  poi- 
sons for  rats,  mice,  and  such  animals. 

Prohibit  the  use  of  live  bait  by  fishermen. 
Require  all  fishermen  to  kill  their  fish  as  soon 
as  they  catch  them. 

Have  a  strong  humane  society  with  a  suffi- 


Jonathan  Upglade 

cient  number  of  agents.  Protect  dogs,  cats, 
squirrels,  birds,  fish,  and  all  other  small  ani- 
mals, as  well  as  horses  and  cattle. 

There  should  be  general  laws  prohibiting 
cruelty  to  any  animal.  Offenders  should  be 
severely  punished. 

I  now  have  made  many  suggestions  as  to 
what  should  be  done  by  cities,  but  it  is  much 
easier  to  make  suggestions  than  to  accomplish 
results.  Of  course  the  good  and  bad  elements 
are  at  strife  in  all  cities,  and  each  is  trying  to 
rule.  What  are  some  of  the  things  that  will 
help  the  good  element  to  win? 

Perhaps  the  greatest  help  would  be  woman 
suffrage.  Women  are  prominent  in  many  re- 
forms, and  if  they  voted  a  great  change  for  the 
better  would  occur.  I  do  not  think  the  change 
for  the  better  would  be  nearly  as  great  as  some 
people  expect,  for  most  women  would  vote  the 
same  as  their  husbands  or  fathers;  however, 
so  many  of  them  would  vote  for  the  right  that 
a  great  change  for  the  better  would  occur. 

Another  great  help  would  be  the  realization 
of  each  good  person  that  his  or  her  particular 
vote  is  of  great  importance  and  that  it  is  a 
very  serious  offense  against  the  community  to 
fail  to  cast  a  ballot  at  each  election. 


Suggestions  Regarding  Cities 

Now  suppose  that  all  good  persons  go  to  the 
polls,  desiring  to  vote  for  what  is  right — what 
are  they  to  vote  for? 

Let  us  try  to  get  to  the  roots  of  the  evil  in 
cities.  I  shall  speak  of  what  is  perhaps  the 
greatest  root  of  evil-;  it  is  privileges— privi- 
leges such  as  franchises,  means  of  tax  evasion, 
and  so  forth.  Privileges  cause  the  downfall  of 
many  cities;  probably  they  caused  the  down- 
fall of  Rome.  As  long  as  privileges  are  granted, 
greedy,  unscrupulous,  powerful  men,  commonly 
known  as  big  bosses,  are  very  likely  to  gain 
control  of  cities:  if  these  big  bosses  can  be 
overthrown,  reforms  will  be  much  easier;  if  the 
big  bosses  can  be  overthrown,  the  little  bosses, 
men  whose  influence  is  mostly  confined  to  one 
ward,  can  easily  be  overthrown. 

You  may  ask  how  the  granting  of  privileges 
can  be  stopped.  It  probably  can  be  stopped  by 
municipal  ownership  of  public  utilities,  such  as 
waterworks,  street  railways,  gas  plants,  electric 
lighting  plants,  and  so  forth.  Municipal  owner- 
ship has  proved  a  success  in  England.  A  system- 
atic effort  has  been  made  by  certain  selfish  in- 
dividuals to  make  Americans  think  that  munici- 
pal ownership  has  been  a  failure  in  England; 
but  the  truth  is  now  becoming  known.  Prob- 


90 


Jonathan  Upglade 

ably  it  would  be  unwise  for  a  city  to  take  con- 
trol of  all  public  utilities  at  once;  probably  it 
would  be  better  to  take  one  at  a  time  and  make 
a  success  of  it  before  acquiring  another.  I 
think  public  ownership  would  tend  to  purify 
politics;  people  would  have  an  increased  love 
for  and  interest  in  their  city,  and  so  would  be 
more  careful  to  elect  the  right  kind  of  officials. 
But  if  people  are  to  vote  for  good  persons 
and  good  causes,  they  must  be  educated  so  that 
they  will  know  what  is  right  and  therefore  best. 
Education  is  at  the  bottom  of  it  all.  Teach 
people  so  that  they  will  clearly  understand  the 
present  condition  of  affairs  and  what  is  needed 
to  remedy  this  condition;  teach  them  in  the 
schools  and  thru  good  papers  and  good  maga- 
zines and  in  other  ways.  Then  you  may  ex- 
pect them  to  go  to  the  polls  and  cast  their 
votes  for  good  persons  and  good  causes. 


SCHOOLS 

Education  is  the  process  that  develops  beings. 
It  is  going  on  all  the  time,  wherever  we  are. 
All  our  joys  and  all  our  sorrows  are  essential. 
Good  education  develops  beings  symmetrically 
and  at  the  proper  speed. 

A  large  part  of  the  education  of  children 
is  secured  at  school.  But  we  should  bear  in 
mind  that  while  the  schools  are  very  important 
indeed,  they  are  not  the  only  aids  in  education; 
many  of  the  best  parts  of  education  are  secured 
outside  the  schools.  But  since  a  large  part  of 
the  education  of  children  is  secured  in  school, 
it  is  of  very  great  importance  that  the  schools 
be  the  best  possible. 

Attendance  at  school  should  be  compulsory. 
All  children  from  seven  to  fifteen  years  old, 
except  in  cases  of  physical  or  mental  disability, 
should  be  made  to  attend  school  regularly. 
Truant  officers  should  be  employed  to  hunt  up 
children  who  are  out  of  school  and  belong  there. 


92 


Jonathan  Upglade 

These  truant  officers  should  be  regularly  em- 
ployed. They  should  go  about  and  find  all  chil- 
dren who  are  not  in  school.  They  should  have 
authority  to  enter  factories  and  all  other  places 
of  business,  so  as  to  learn  whether  or  not  chil- 
dren are  employed  there  against  the  law;  also, 
they  should  have  authority  to  examine  birth 
records,  as  many  parents  lie  in  regard  to  the 
ages  of  their  children. 

If  certain  children  can  not  be  kept  in  the 
regular  schools  or  if  in  attending  the  regular 
schools  they  demoralize  the  other  pupils  or  in- 
terfere with  their  work,  they  should  be  taught 
in  truant  schools  or  reform  schools.  Often  one 
or  two  pupils  make  more  trouble  than  all  the 
rest  put  together;  such  pupils  should  be  taken 
from  the  regular  schools  at  once. 

Insist  on  co-education  in  the  public  schools. 
Both  sexes  will  be  healthier  morally  and  physi- 
cally is  educated  together. 

One  of  the  requisites  of  a  good  school  is  a 
good  teacher. 

The  most  important  qualification  of  a  good 
teacher  is  that  he  be  morally  sound:  he  should 
be  honest,  earnest,  pure,  and  unselfish;  thus  he 
will  develop  these  qualities  in  his  pupils. 

But  not  all  persons  who  have  these  qualities 


93 

Schools 

would  make  good  teachers:  much  more  is 
needed;  good  scholarship,  tact,  insight  into 
character,  and  other  qualifications  are  needed. 

The  necessity  of  good  scholarship  will  hardly 
be  questioned;  a  person  could  not  be  expected 
to  teach  what  he  did  not  know.  In  order  to 
insure  good  scholarship,  the  legal  requirements 
for  teachers  should  be  such  that  no  person  not 
holding  a  certificate  or  diploma  of  sufficiently 
high  grade  could  teach. 

The  necessity  that  a  good  teacher  must  pos- 
sess insight  and  tact  is  sometimes  overlooked. 
A  group  of  children  is  like  a  group  of  trees: 
not  one  of  the  trees  is  exactly  symmetrical, 
and  not  one  of  the  children  is;  moreover,  no 
two  trees  nor  two  children  are  exactly  alike; 
each  individual  needs  the  strong  light  from  a 
different  direction.  The  child  is  dull  but  ear- 
nest; he  needs  much  encouragement:  the  next 
is  naturally  bright,  but  is  indolent ;  he  needs  an 
authoritative  hand.  A  teacher  should  know 
each  of  his  pupils  personally.  In  order  to  do 
this  he  must  have  insight  and  he  must  have 
time  for  cultivating  their  acquaintance;  he 
must  not  have  too  many  nor  too  long  recita- 
tions, and  he  must  not  have  too  many  pupils. 
But  knowing  the  pupils  is  not  enough;  a 


94 


Jonathan  Upglade 

teacher  should  have  the  tact  to  manage  them 
properly  after  he  does  know  them. 

The  temperament  of  the  teacher  is  an  im- 
portant point.  A  teacher  who  is  nervous,  for 
instance,  tends  to  make  the  pupils  nervous. 

Every  teacher  should  be  a  model  of  neatness 
and  cleanness  as  to  dress  and  general  care  of 
the  person. 

One  of  the  great  needs  of  a  good  school  is  a 
suitable  curriculum.  ' 

The  question  as  to  just  what  is  best  to  teach 
children  is,  of  course,  a  very  important  one. 
Most  of  all,  the  moral  side  of  a  child's  nature 
needs  attention.  Teach  him  to  be  honest,  ear- 
nest, pure,  and  unselfish:  teach  him  what  a 
miserable  thing  it  is  to  cheat  in  examinations 
or  recitations  or  in  any  other  way:  teach  him 
that  his  time  is  valuable  and  should  be  well 
employed:  teach  him  to  be  pure  in  thot  and 
speech;  also,  to  be  neat  as  to  his  persoh:  teach 
him  to  be  mindful  of  the  rights  of  every  living 
thing:  teach  these  things  all  thru  his  school 
career;  teach  them  by  word  and  example. 

A  great  principle  in  child  training  is  to  ar- 
range the  environment  so  that  the  child  will 
do  the  right  thing  spontaneously.  Aim  at  di- 
rection and  suggestion,  rather  than  at  suppres- 


95 


Schools 

sion ;  a  child  must  be  active  in  some  way.  Many 
suppose  that  repression  in  childhood  is  neces- 
sary in  order  that  the  child  can  control  himself 
when  grown;  but  self-control  can  never  come 
from  authority;  if  a  child  is  made  to  do  a 
thing,  self-control  is  not  developed. 

As  to  the  studies  that  are  commonly  taught, 
there  are  some  that  should  be  discarded. 

Teach  no  foreign  language  in  any  school 
lower  than  a  university.  Perhaps  in  the  uni- 
versities a  small  percentage  of  the  students 
might  study  one  or  more  foreign  languages  to 
advantage;  but  for  those  students  who  will  not 
make  a  practical  application  of  their  knowl- 
edge, the  study  of  these  languages  is  almost  a 
waste  of  time.  It  may  be  claimed  that  a  knowl- 
edge of  foreign  languages  aids  one  greatly  in 
mastering  his  national  language;  but  I  believe 
the  aid  much  too  slight  to  be  worth  the  cost. 
Just  as  good  mental  training  can  be  secured  by 
the  study  of  practical  subjects.  Translations 
of  great  works  exist  that  are  far  superior  to 
any  translations  most  pupils  could  make  even 
after  years  of  study. 

There  is  one  language  that  each  student 
should  master,  and  that  is  his  national  lan- 
guage. Not4  one  in  twenty  of  the  university 


96 


Jonathan  Upglade 

students  in  America  is  anywhere  near  a  mas- 
ter of  the  English  language;  is  it  not,  then, 
almost  ridiculous  for  them  to  be  studying  Ger- 
man, French,  Latin,  or  other  foreign  lan- 
guages? I  venture  to  guess  that  if  all  the 
university  instructors  in  the  world  could,  with- 
out warning,  be  given  an  examination  in  letter- 
writing,  not  one  in  ten  could  write,  in  his  own 
language,  a  letter  of  three  hundred  words  that 
was  properly  capitalized,  paragraphed,  punctu- 
ated, and  in  other  ways  properly  written. 

If  most  of  the  time  spent  in  studying  foreign 
languages  at  universities  is  almost  wasted,  then 
how  much  more  foolish  is  it  to  teach  foreign 
languages  in  the  high  schools,  where  a  much 
smaller  percentage  of  the  students  will  make 
practical  use  of  their  knowledge  and  where  a 
much  smaller  percentage  can  use  their  own 
language  well.  Abolish  the  teaching  of  all  for- 
eign languages  in  the  high  schools.  Those  who 
really  need  to  study  these  languages  should  be- 
gin them  at  the  universities,  and  there  they  can 
have  expert  instructors. 

A  child  who  is  studying  a  foreign  language 
but  who  does  not  know  well  the  birds  and  flow- 
ers, is  a  pitiful  sight. 

Let  us  all  help  to  bring  on  the  time  when 


97 


Schools 

there  will  be  no  foreign  languages.  Let  us  have 
a  universal  language.  A  babel  of  tongues  on 
the  earth  is  a  nuisance. 

The  study  of  mathematics  should  be  retained ; 
there  is  nothing  that  can  take  its  place.  Prob- 
ably about  the  right  amount  of  time  is  now  de- 
voted to  the  subject:  but  the  tendency  seems  to 
be  to  make  the  textbooks  too  long  and  too  hard : 
also,  algebra  is  taught  to  pupils  before  they 
are  far  enough  advanced;  algebra  should  not 
be  taught  in  the  grades,  and  should  not  be 
taught  in  the  high  schools  until  the  second  or 
third  year.  Students  should  not  be  taxed  with 
a  large  number  of  difficult  puzzles;  make  the 
work  just  reasonably  hard. 

The  value  of  the  study  of  history  is  hard  to 
overestimate.  Every  child  should  be  given  a 
good  course.  Kemember  that  the  failures  and 
successes  of  millions  of  people,  living  thru 
many  ages,  are  recorded  in  history.  By  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  causes  of  these  failures  and  suc- 
cesses, we  can  do  much  toward  guiding  our 
own  lives  and  the  lives  of  our  nations  aright. 
Be  sure  that  the  teachers  of  history  are  com- 
petent; they  should  teach  the  true  lessons  of 
history,  and  keep  unimportant  things  in  the 
background. 


Jonathan  Upglade 

A  great  deal  of  time  should  be  given  to  the 
study  of  the  various  sciences.  In  universities, 
good  courses  should  be  given  in  all  the  sciences. 
In  high  schools,  teach  agriculture,  horticulture, 
physiology,  physics,  zoology,  and  ornithology; 
short,  simple  courses  should  be  given  in  astron- 
omy, geology,  and  perhaps  chemistry.  In 
schools  below  high  schools,  simple  courses  of 
class  work  or  short  courses  of  lectures  should 
be  given  on  all  the  sciences  taught  in  the  high 
schools;  remember  that  a  large  percentage  of 
children  never  attend  a  high  school,  and  that, 
before  they  leave  school,  they  should  be  given 
at  least  glimpses  into  some  of  the  sciences  and 
other  fields  of  knowledge. 

Let  a  large  proportion  of  the  science  work 
be  field  work  and  laboratory  work.  Have  good 
laboratories  and  plenty  of  good  apparatus;  per- 
form experiments  in  as  many  branches  of  study 
as  possible.  Teachers  should  take  their  classes 
on  frequent  trips;  things  learned  on  the  trips 
will  be  remembered  long  after  the  textbook  les- 
sons are  forgotten;  it  is  especially  helpful  to 
take  botany,  geology,  and  ornithology  classes  on 
these  trips.  Each  student  in  botany  should  be 
required  to  collect  an  herbarium.  In  teaching 
physiology,  be  sure  to  impress  upon  the  pupils 


99 


Schools 

the  harmful  effects  of  liquor,  tobacco,  and  other 
unhealthful  things;  but  do  not  exaggerate.  Be- 
fore the  high  school  is  reached,  good  courses  in 
geography  should  be  given.  It  is,  perhaps,  a 
question  as  to  which  is  the  best  time  to  teach 
physical  geography. 

A  good  commercial  course  should  be  given 
in  each  high  school. 

Manual  training  and  domestic  science  should 
be  taught  in  all  schools,— in  the  grades,  in  high 
schools,  and  in  universities :  instead  of  teaching 
John  a  smattering  of  some  foreign  language, 
teach  him  how  to  use  a  saw  and  plane;  instead 
of  teaching  Mary  a  smattering  of  some  foreign 
language,  teach  her  how  to  make  good  bread. 

Simplify  spelling,  and  teach  it  from  a  spell- 
ing book. 

Teach  writing,  and  impress  upon  children 
that  it  is  almost  a  disgrace  to  be  a  poor  writer. 

Teach  music  in  all  schools,  or  at  least  in  the 
grades. 

Encourage  athletics,  except  football.  Provide 
good  gymnasiums  and  ample  play-grounds.  Ar- 
range the  environment  so  that  all  the  energy 
of  young  people  which  is  not  used  in  study 
will  flow  off  thru  good  channels,  leaving  none 
to  flow  thru  bad  ones.  Specially  encourage 


100 


Jonathan  Upglade 

those  games  in  which  all  or  large  numbers  can 
take  part;  baseball,  la  crosse,  shinney,  golf,  ten- 
nis, and  croka  are  good  games.  Encourage 
running,  jumping,  hammerthrowing,  and  so 
forth,  but  require  the  men  and  boys  to  dress 
modestly.  Take  students  on  walks  across  coun- 
try. Employ  competent  physical  instructors, 
who  shall  advise  each  student  as  to  the  proper 
kind  and  amount  of  exercise  his  particular  case 
needs.  Do  not  go  insane  over  athletics,  but 
give  them  a  proper  share  of  the  time. 

Have  a  regular  course  on  the  proper  treat- 
ment of  animals.  Give  this  course  before  the 
high  school  is  reached,  and  require  all  pupils 
to  take  it.  Do  not  allow  vivisection  in  any 
school  whatever,  not  even  in  universities  and 
medical  schools.  Teach  children  that  it  is  cruel 
if  they  eat  a  particle  of  the  flesh  of  any  animal 
that  was  not  killed  in  a  humane  way.  Teach 
them  the  proper  way  to  kill  each  species  of  ani- 
mals, so  that  they  will  know  how  to  proceed 
if  it  is  necessary  to  kill  any  animal.  Teach 
them  that  no  one  has  a  right  to  own  any  ani- 
mal that  he  does  not  care  for  properly.  Have 
them  learn  quotations  regarding  kindness  to 
animals.  Teach  them  to  be  kind  to  every  liv- 
ing thing. 


101 


Schools 

"When  possible,  secure  specialists  of  various 
kinds  to  give  short  lectures  in  the  assembly 
room  to  the  whole  school.  Probably  one  such 
lecture  a  week  would  be  sufficient.  The  lecture 
should  be  ten  or  fifteen  minutes  in  length. 

Require  final  examinations  of  all  pupils,  and 
monthly  examinations  of  all  who  do  not  stand 
more  than  eighty-five.  During  examinations, 
the  room  should  be  watched  by  a  teacher  who 
stays  in  the  rear  of  the  room  and  who  does 
nothing  else  but  watch  the  pupils.  In  nearly 
every  class  there  are  some  pupils  who  are  dis- 
honest; in  order  to  prevent  them  from  getting 
higher  standings  than  they  deserve  and  in  or- 
der to  make  it  fair  for  the  honest  pupils,  it  is 
of  great  importance  that  the  class  be  carefully 
watched.  Give  the  honest  pupils  distinctly  to 
understand  that  they  need  no  watching,  and 
that  if  all  were  like  them  the  teacher 
might  leave  the  room;  have  it  distinctly  under- 
stood that  the  class  is  watched  only  on  account 
of  certain  pupils  who  are  weak  and  unprinci- 
pled. A  pupil  caught  cheating,  should  be 
marked  zero.  Examinations  are  of  very  great 
importance,  so  to  abolish  them  would  be  a  very 
serious  mistake.  They  necessitate  needed  re- 
views of  the  work  done :  also,  they  help  greatly 


102 


Jonathan  Upglade 

in  giving  a  conception  of  the  subject  as  a  whole; 
a  student  might  learn  each  lesson  well,  but  still, 
unless  he  reviewed  it  as  a  whole,  have  no  ade- 
quate conception  of  the  subject. 

Social  meetings  of  the  right  kind  are  neces- 
sary for  the  proper  development  of  young  peo- 
ple. All  the  teachers  and  students  should  at- 
tend these  meetings  and  get  acquainted.  It 
would  be  well  to  have  some  sort  of  meeting 
every  Friday  evening.  Encourage  the  demo- 
cratic spirit.  Let  no  one  be  snubbed,  but  if 
any  are  unused  to  society  let  them  be  given 
special  attention. 

By  no  means  allow  any  fraternities  or  sorori- 
ties, especially  in  schools  below  the  universities. 
They  encourage  snobbery,  and  that  is  a  thing 
that  should  be  discouraged  in  a  most  decided 
manner.  The  tendency  to  form  cliques  is  strong 
enough,  without  having  any  regular  organiza- 
tions to  help  it  on.  If  members  of  fraterni- 
ties and  sororities  are  not  well  balanced,  they 
are  very  liable  to  become  snobs.  If  those  who 
are  outside  these  organizations  are  not  well  bal- 
anced, they  are  liable  to  become  jealous  and 
thus  show  their  weakness.  The  existence  of 
these  societies  makes  a  dividing  line  that  is  un- 
natural and  has  no  right  to  exist. 


103 


Schools 

Encourage   debating  societies. 

Encourage  the  publication  of  papers,  maga- 
zines, and  annuals,  provided  they  can  be  kept 
strictly  pure  and  high-class.  Committees  con- 
sisting of  teachers,  superintendents,  and  others 
should  be  appointed  to  examine  every  pic- 
ture and  every  article,  including  all  adver- 
tisements, before  they  are  printed.  If  ques- 
tionable pictures,  advertisements,  and  articles 
cannot  be  kept  entirely  out  of  the  publications, 
the  publications  should  be  suppressed  at  once. 

Another  need  of  a  good  school  is  a  suitable 
series  of  textbooks. 

In  the  selection  of  textbooks,  the  greatest 
care  should  be  exercised.  Some  of  the  text- 
books now  in  use  are  very  unsuitable;  they 
should  be  discarded  at  once.  The  tendency  is 
to  make  textbooks  too  long  and  too  hard.  For 
instance,  in  a  school  where  I  once  taught  alge- 
bra to  a  freshman  class,  the  textbook  was  hard 
enough  for  university  students  and  so  long 
that  it  would  need  one  and  a  half  or  two  years 
for  them  to  master  it ;  still,  this  high  school  class 
was  expected  to  master  it  in  one  year.  As  a 
result  of  using  this  textbook,  some  of  the  class 
became  discouraged  and  did  very  poor  work; 
the  others  were  obliged  at  best  to  do  very  su- 


104 


Jonathan  Upglade 

perficial  work.  In  that  same  school  a  textbook 
in  grammar  was  used  that  needed  a  year  for 
its  mastery,  but  the  class  had  only  one  term  to 
devote  to  it.  Textbooks  should  be  only  reason- 
ably difficult  and  reasonably  long.  The  amount 
of  work  they  contain  should  be  such  that  the 
average  student  can  do  it  well  in  the  time 
allotted.  To  do  superficial  work  is  demoral- 
izing. 

All  textbooks  and  reference  books  should  be 
pure  in  every  way.  No  questionable  pictures 
should  be  printed.  No  immodest  passages  of 
literature  should  be  printed,  no  matter  how 
famous  the  author  is;  some  parts  of  the  works 
of  Shakespeare,  Milton,  and  others  are  unfit  to 
be  read,  especially  by  children. 

Textbooks  should  be  neatly  printed  in  good- 
sized  type.  They  should  be  well  bound.  They 
should  be  furnished  free  or  else  at  as  smaU 
cost  as  possible.  Each  pupil  should  keep  his 
books  after  he  has  left  school ;  he  will  find  them 
interesting  and  valuable  in  after  years.  If  each 
pupil  would  write  the  name  of  his  teacher  and 
of  each  member  of  his  class  in  the  back  of  each 
textbook,  he  would  be  glad  in  after  years  that 
he  had  done  so.  Each  pupil  should  make  a 
practice  of  neatly  marking  important  passages 


105 


Schools 

in  textbooks;  the  practice  will  help  him  in 
learning  to  perceive  the  important  parts  of 
things,  and  also  will  help  him  in  reviews. 

Use  textbooks  in  all  studies,  but  do  not  de- 
pend too  much  upon  them.  Have  much  field 
work  and  laboratory  work  in  connection  with 
the  textbook  work. 

The  amount  of  work  required  in  high  schools 
and  lower  schools  should  be  such  that  a  pupil 
of  average  intelligence  and  studiousness  could 
do  it  all  well  during  school  hours;  he  should 
take  no  books  home.  The  present  tendency  is 
to  overwork  children;  people  try  to  make  men 
and  women  of  them  too  soon;  their  minds  are 
exercised  too  much  and  their  bodies  not  enough : 
too  many  invalids  are  made.  Another  evil  of 
large  assignments  is  that  they  tend  to  cause 
superficial  work. 

Let  no  pupil  finish  the  course  in  less  than 
the  regular  time.  In  some  cases  bright  pupils 
might  do  it  without  harm,  but  usually  not. 

School  should  begin  at  nine  o'clock  and  end 
not  later  than  half  past  four.  Two  hours  should 
be  given  for  dinner.  A  fifteen  minute  recess 
should  be  given  in  both  forenoon  and  after- 
noon. Teachers  should  be  required  to  dismiss 
promptly  when  the  time  for  recess  arrives.  En- 


106 


Jonathan  Upglade 

courage  children  to  go  outdoors  and  play  dur- 
ing recess.  Allow  no  half -day  sessions.  School 
should  be  held  thirty-six  weeks  each  year — no 
more  and  no  less.  Probably  three  terms  a  year 
is  a  better  division  than  two  semesters,  espe- 
cially in  schools  lower  than  universities. 

Another  need  of  a  good  school  is  a  good 
schoolhouse. 

Schoolhouses  should  be  large,  well-planned, 
well- ventilated,  well-lighted,  and  attractive; 
they  should  be  kept  scrupulously  clean.  In 
building,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that 
probably  the  schools  will  grow  rapidly  and 
that  in  a  few  years  much  more  room  will  be 
needed.  Schoolhouses  should  be  provided  with 
some  sort  of  dining-rooms  furnished  with  chairs 
and  tables  and  some  means  for  warming  din- 
ners; pupils  who  bring  their  dinners  will  be 
much  more  likely  to  be  healthy  if  they  can  have 
them  warm.  Have  plants  in  some  of  the  win- 
dows, especially  in  rooms  occupied  by  the 
grades;  let  the  children  help  care  for  the 
plants.  Schoolhouses  should  be  furnished  with 
good  furniture  and  apparatus.  The  walls  should 
be  decorated  with  good  pictures;  no  picture  or 
statue  of  a  nude  or  partly  nude  human  figure 
should  be  allowed.  If  a  reading  table  or 


107 


Schools 

library  is  maintained,  only  books,  magazines, 
and  papers  that  are  strictly  pure  should  be  al- 
lowed there :  this  would  rule  out  all  publications 
containing  pictures  of  nude  or  partly  nude  hu- 
man figures ;  also,  all  those  containing  immodest 
language  of  any  sort.  Most  of  the  present 
magazines  should  be  ruled  out. 

School-grounds  should  be  large  and  pleasant. 
If  possible,  they  should  be  at  least  a  whole  block 
in  area.  They  should  be  partly  wooded,  and 
good  shade  trees  should  border  the  streets  all 
around.  Small  parts  of  the  grounds  should  be 
devoted  to  lawns,  flowers,  and  shrubbery;  the 
pupils  should  be  kept  off  these  parts:  but  most 
of  the  area  should  be  free  for  the  pupils  to 
play  on. 

The  health  of  pupils  should  be  carefully 
watched.  On  entering  school,  and  every  few 
weeks  thereafter,  each  pupil  should  be  thoroly 
examined  by  a  competent  physician— the  boys 
by  men,  and  the  girls  by  women.  Each  pupil  who 
is  working  too  hard  should  be  required  to  take 
less  studies  or  else  to  quit  school  entirely  for 
a  time.  All  pupils  in  need  of  any  kind  of 
medical  treatment  should  have  it;  the  parents 
should  be  made  to  pay  for  it  if  they  are  able, 
but  if  they  are  not  able  the  public  should  bear 


108 


Jonathan  Upglade 

the  expense.  The  eyes  and  teeth  shonld  be 
carefully  examined  by  expert  oculists  and  den- 
tists; any  care  the  eyes  or  teeth  need,  should 
be  given  the  same  as  any  other  medical  treat- 
ment. The  drinking  water  should  be  pure;  if 
pails  or  jars  are  used,  they  should  be  kept  care- 
fully covered,  especially  when  the  rooms  are 
swept  and  dusted;  the  pails  or  jars  and  cups 
should  be  thoroly  washed  and  rinsed  every 
day;  probably  many  deaths  from  typhoid  fever 
have  been  due  to  uncovered  and  unclean 
utensils. 

Probably  the  consolidation  of  rural  schools 
is  a  good  thing.  By  uniting  two  or  more 
schools,  better  teachers  and  better  school- 
houses  can  be  afforded.  Free  transportation 
should  be  furnished  for  pupils  who  live  at  a 
great  distance. 


THE   SEX  PEOBLEM 

Most  of  my  sermon  today  is  of  such  a  nature 
that  I  do  not  wish  to  deliver  it  from  the  pulpit. 
After  speaking  for  a  few  minutes,  I  shall  ask 
each  of  you  to  go  to  your  home  and  read  the 
remainder  of  the  sermon;  each  of  you,  as  you 
pass  from  the  church,  will  be  given  a  copy  of 
it.  I  hope  you  will  carefully  consider  my  ser- 
mon, and  will  honestly  answer  the  questions  I 
ask.  I  am  a  modest  man,  and  it  is  only  because 
the  disgraceful  condition  of  affairs  requires 
plain  treatment  that  I  have  decided  to  express 
myself  plainly. 

The  world  today  is  in  a  very  interesting 
stage  of  development.  It  has  now  reached  such 
a  stage  that  development  is  very  rapid.  In 
spite  of  wars  and  other  barbarous  hindrances 
still  existing,  the  prosperity  of  the  race  is  prob- 
ably much  greater  than  ever  before.  Pros- 
perity has  aided  the  advance  of  science,  and 
science,  in  its  turn,  has  been  a  wonderful  aid 


110 


Jonathan  Upglade 

to  prosperity.  But  hand  in  hand  with  pros- 
perity there  seems  to  come  a  certain  looseness 
and  recklessness:  if  this  tendency  to  looseness 
and  recklessness  can  be  kept  within  bounds,  in 
all  probability  our  prosperity  will  continue;  if 
it  can  not  be  kept  within  bounds,  civilization 
may  have  a  long  and  serious  setback.  We  need 
far  more  strictness  in  our  lives.  I  quote  an 
article  of  Whittier's,  published  in  "The  Out- 
look"; the  publication  of  this  article  was  op- 
portune, and  each  person  should  consider  it 
well.  He  says: 

"OUE  AGE. 

"Nothing  is  clearer  to  my  mind  than  the 
fact  that  the  world  is  growing  better.  It  is 
sweeter,  tenderer;  there  is  more  love  in  it.  A 
worthy  deacon  of  the  old  time  in  New  England 
once  described  a  brother  in  the  church  as  a 
very  pious  man  God-ward  but  a  rather  hard 
one  man-ward.  It  cannot  be  denied  that  very 
satisfactory  steps  in  the  latter  direction  have 
been  taken  in  the  century  now  drawing  to  its 
close.  Our  age  is  tolerant  as  regards  creed  and 
dogma,  and  practically  recognizing  the  broth- 
erhood of  the  race;  it  is  quick  and  generous 
in  its  sympathies  whenever  and  wherever  a  cry 


Ill 


The  Sex  Problem 

of  suffering  is  heard.  It  cannot  look  on  pov- 
erty or  pain  without  seeking  to  diminish  their 
evil.  It  has  abolished  slavery;  it  is  lifting 
woman  to  an  equality  with  man  before  the  law. 

"Our  criminal  codes  no  longer  embody  the 
maxim  of  'an  eye  for  an  eye  and  a  tooth  for 
a  tooth',  but  have  regard  not  only  to  the  safety 
of  the  community  but  also  to  the  well-being  of 
the  criminal.  All  the  more  for  this  amiable 
tenderness  do  we  need  the  counterpoise  of  a 
strong  sense  of  justice.  All  the  more  for  the 
sweet  humanities  and  Christian  liberalism 
which  are  drawing  men  nearer  to  each  other 
and  increasing  the  sum  of  social  influence,  we 
need  the  bracing  atmosphere  of  the  old  mor- 
alities. 

"It  is  well  for  us  that  we  have  learned  to 
listen  to  the  persuasions  of  the  beatitudes;  but 
there  are  crises  in  all  lives  which  require  the 
emphatic  'thou  shalt  not'  of  the  decalogue." 


This  closes  the  verbal  part  of  my  sermon; 
the  written  part  will  be  given  you  as  you  pass 
from  the  church. 


112 


Jonathan  Upglade 

THE    WRITTEN   PART    OP    THE    SERMON. 

I  realize  that  the  sex  problem  is  a  difficult 
one;  as  to  its  age,  probably  it  was  already  very 
old  when  Plato  wrote  his  "Republic".  The  de- 
sire for  sexual  intercourse  is  as  natural  as  the 
desire  for  food;  the  old,  deep-rooted  feeling 
that  there  is  something  unclean  about  it,  should 
no  longer  be  held. 

For  the  good  of  the  human  race  it  has  been 
best  to  gratify  sexual  desire  in  a  certain  way, 
namely,  by  the  intercourse  of  man  and  wife — 
not  by  free-love.  Even  in  many  of  the  other 
animals  there  is  a  pairing,  in  some  cases  a 
pairing  for  life.  The  family  unit  has  had  very 
much  to  do  in  aiding  the  human  race  to  attain 
its  present  position,  and  this  unit  needs  to  be 
retained  and  strengthened;  if  at  any  time  the 
family  unit  can  be  abolished  with  benefit,  it 
will  be  at  some  time  far  in  the  future  when 
the  race  is  much  less  selfish  than  it  is  now. 

That  thousands  of  women  must  live  their 
lives  as  virgins  or  else  suffer  ostracism,  I  do 
not  believe  will  much  longer  be  right.  But  the 
existence  of  virgins  who  are  not  contented  with 
this  way  of  living,  can  be  avoided  without  re- 
sorting to  free-love;  namely,  by  establishing  a 
custom  such  that  women  will  make  proposi- 


113 


The  Sex  Problem 

tions  of  marriage  just  as  freely  as  men.  There 
is  no  reason  why  they  should  not  do  so  with- 
out a  sacrifice  of  pride.  Edward  Bellamy,  in 
"Looking  Backward",  has  brot  out  this  point 
very  well;  however,  the  custom  should  be  es- 
tablished at  once  without  waiting  for  any 
change  in  the  condition  of  the  world.  At  pres- 
ent the  relation  of  the  sexes  is  not  on  a  sane 
basis,  and  no  wonder  that  so  many  are  nervous 
wrecks,  or  lonely,  or  unhappy  in  other  ways. 
Probably  more  unhappiness  is  due  to  this  cause 
than  to  any  other.  Thus  I  hold  that  all  who 
are  willing  and  able  to  rear  children,  except 
perhaps  some  invalids  and  degenerates,  should 
be  granted  the  right  of  sexual  intercourse,  but 
that  free-love  should  not  be  resorted  to. 

Probably  the  greatest  aid  in  strengthening 
the  family  unit  and  discouraging  free-love,  is 
the  use  of  clothing;  a  small  percentage  of  peo- 
ple may  be  above  the  necessity  of  clothing,  but 
most  are  not;  hence  it  is  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance that  the  human  body  and  all  rep- 
resentations of  it  be  modestly  clothed ;  the  sight 
of  the  human  body  tends,  with  most  persons,  to 
create  desire,  just  as  the  sight  of  food  tends 
to  create  hunger. 

Another  aid  in  strengthening  the  family  unit 


114 


Jonathan  Upglade 

and  discouraging  free-love,  is  to  avoid  unnec- 
essary allusions  to  sexual  matters.  Hence,  it  ia 
very  important  that  all  spoken  words  in  thea- 
tres and  elsewhere,  and  all  literature,  except 
some  medical  works  and  the  like,  be  free  from 
such  allusions. 

Other  aids  may  be  secured  by  enacting  just 
divorce  laws:  by  encouraging  co-education  and 
a  general  free  but  pure  mingling  of  the  sexes: 
and  by  encouraging  people  not  to  marry  hur- 
riedly, but  to  be  sure  that  they  have  a  true 
affinity  for  the  ones  they  wed;  in  regard  to 
this  last  matter,  the  laws  should  require  the 
marriage  license  to  be  secured  a  considerable 
time,  perhaps  two  or  three  months,  before  the 
marriage  occurs,  thus  preventing  marriage  on 
extremely  short  acquaintance  and  giving  either 
party  time  to  change  his  or  her  mind  before  it 
is  too  late. 

Before  continuing  further  in  the  regular 
form  of  a  sermon,  I  shall  ask  the  following 
questions  :— 

1.  Do  you  believe  free-love  is  right,  or  do  you 
believe  that  one  man  should  be  true  to  one 
woman  and  one  woman  to  one  man? 

2.  To  be  perfectly  honest,  do  you  not  believe 
that  lust  creates  the  demand  for  most  of  the 


115 


The  Sex  Problem 

nudities  that  claim  art  as  their  excuse?  Some 
of  the  pictures  and  statues  of  some  of  the  so- 
called  great  masters  are  among  the  worst 
abominations  in  the  world.  Art  the  excuse, 
the  truth  another  A. 

3.  You    may    say    that    nudities    create    a 
worthy    desire    in     people   to   acquire     proper 
forms.     I  agree    that    they    may  do  so.     But 
should  a  man  strive  to  acquire  the  form  of  a 
woman,  or  should  a  woman  strive  to  acquire 
the   form   of   a  man?    Why  then  should   not 
female  nudities  be  kept  in  art  galleries  where 
only  women  are  admitted,  and  why  should  not 
male  nudities   be  kept  in   art  galleries  where 
only  men  are  admitted?    In  this  way  the  good 
could  be  gained  and  the  evil  avoided. 

4.  If  nudities  were  kept  from  the  sight  of 
the  opposite  sex,  how  do  you  suppose  it  would 
affect  the  demand  for  these  things? 

5.  Are  there  any  nudities  in  your  home- 
any  statues,  calendars,  pictures  on  the  walls, 
or  pictures  in  books  and  magazines?     Is  there 
any  literature  there  that  is  not  elevating?     If 
your  son  or  daughter  should  go  wrong,  are  you 
sure  that  he  or  she  might  not  truthfully  say— 
"There  was  a  statue  or  a  picture  or  a  novel  in 
my  home  that  was  the  beginning  of  my  fall"? 


116 


Jonathan  Upglade 

If  there  are  any  evil  things  in  your  home,  I 
hope  you  will  destroy  them  before  you  read  an- 
other sentence. 

6.  W(hen    you    came    to    prayer-meeting    last 
Wednesday    evening,    did    you    not    pass    any 
saloon   or  book-store   or   "art-store"   or   drug- 
store where  vulgar  and  nude  or  partly  nude 
figures  were  displayed?     If  you  had  been  man 
or  woman  enough  to  have  stepped  in  and  in- 
duced the  proprietors  to  remove  the  objection- 
able pictures,  would  it  not  have  done  the  world 
much  more  good  than  to  have  come  to  prayer- 
meeting  and  said  a  prayer  for  the  salvation  of 
the  world? 

7.  Is  there  a  law  in  your  state  prohibiting 
obscene  pictures,  literature,   and  theatres?     If 
there  is  such  a  law,  can  you  not  see  that  it  is 
enforced  at  least  in  your  own  town?     If  there 
is  not  such  a  law,  can  you  not  secure  the  enact- 
ment of  one  at  the  next  session  of  your  legis- 
lature ? 

8  Is  there  a  committee  in  your  town  to  ex- 
amine all  pictures  that  persons  wish  to  post  on 
the  billboards?  If  there  is  such  a  committee, 
can  you  not  help  to  see  that  it  does  its  duty? 
If  there  is  not  such  a  committee,  can  you  not 
secure  the  appointment  of  one? 


117 


The  Sex  Problem 

9.  Do  you  know  a  druggist  and  a  keeper  of 
a  book-store,  both  prominent  members  of  our 
church,  who  ought  to  be  ashamed  of  themselves 
for  pictures,  statuary,  and  books  that  are  now 
in  their  stores?     I  know  of  two  such  men,  and 
one  of  them  is  a  deacon  in  our  church.     Here 
I  wish  to  say  that  I  hope  these  men  will  de- 
stroy the  pictures  of  ballet  dancers  and  clean 
their  stores  generally   before  they  show  their 
faces  in  this  church  again. 

10.  Are  there  some  members  of  this  church 
who  have  been  so  immodest  as  to  appear  in 
scanty  bathing-suits? 

11.  Are  there  not  some  women  in  our  church, 
who   consider  themselves   in   high  society,  but 
who  are  so  vulgar  as  sometimes  to  wear  decol- 
lette  gowns?     When   I   see   such   a  woman,   I 
think   that   she    only    needs    some   large   brass 
rings  in  her  ears  and  a  bone  thru  her  upper 
lip,  to  make  her  appear  like  a  veritable  savage. 

12.  Are  not  more  than  half  the  theatres  in- 
decent in  some  way?    But  is  not  the  congrega- 
tion of  this  church  often  more  or  less  repre- 
sented  among   the   assemblages   at  these  thea- 
tres.    If  we  are  really  trying  to  encourage  de- 
cency, should  we  not  help  to  abolish  indecent 
theatres  by  at  least  refraining  from  attending 
them? 


118 


Jonathan  Upglade 

13.  Do  you  not  think  it  high  time  that  all 
circuses  and  fairs  and  shows  of  all  kinds  are 
required  to  have  all  their  people  act  and  speak 
modestly  and  to  be  modestly  clothed? 

There  is  a  certain  mighty  influence  in  the 
world  of  which  I  wish  to  speak  particularly. 
It  is  the  printing-press,  pouring  forth  its  mil- 
lions of  papers,  magazines,  and  books.  Altho 
this  literature  deals  with  all  the  problems  of 
life,  I  shall  in  this  sermon  speak  particularly 
of  it  in  its  relation  to  the  sex  problem. 

Examine  an  average  newspaper  of  today. 
What  do  you  find?  A  wonderful  conglomera- 
tion of  matter,  good  and  bad.  As  bearing  di- 
rectly upon  the  sex  problem,  probably  you  will 
find  some  indecent  theatres  advertised,  some 
miserable  scandal  related,  and  perhaps  some 
coarse  jokes  and  vulgar  pictures.  This  paper 
goes  into  thousands  of  homes  and  is  seen  by 
thousands  of  innocent  young  people.  If  some 
of  the  subscribers  to  this  paper  should  with- 
draw their  subscriptions,  stating  that  they  did 
so  on  account  of  the  vulgar  tone  of  the  paper, 
do  you  not  think  the  paper  would  soon  change 
its  policy  and  become  decent?  If  you  are  a 
subscriber  to  this  paper,  do  your  part;  with- 


119 


The  Sex  Problem 

draw  your  subscription,  and  tell  the  editor 
why.  You  can  reach  the  most  vulgar  editor  by 
attacking  his  pocket-book. 

Examine  an  average  popular  magazine  of 
today.  What  do  you  find?  Again  a  conglom- 
eration of  matter,  but  not  so  varied  a  one  as 
that  of  the  newspaper.  As  to  subject-matter, 
the  first  article  may  be  elevating  and  the  next 
low  enough  to  offset  the  good  effect  of  the  first. 
As  to  advertisements,  many  of  them  are  appro- 
priate advertisements  of  worthy  articles,  but 
generally  there  are  some  that  are  low  and  vul- 
gar. Both  in  the  subject-matter  and  advertise- 
ments there  are  liable  to  be  pictures  that  are 
immodest  or  positively  indecent;  some  of  these 
pictures  may  claim  art  as  their  excuse,  but  it  is 
pretty  well  understood  that  this  is  often  only 
an  excuse  and  very  far  from  a  justification. 

As  to  books,  many  of  them  are  elevating 
while  others  are  degrading.  I  never  have  read 
a  bad  French  novel,  and  never  intend  to  do  so ; 
it  is  bad  enough  to  know  that  such  books  exist 
and  that  their  sale  is  permitted  in  some  places. 
As  to  American  books,  many  of  them  are  ele- 
vating altho  few  are  of  a  character  that  makes 
a  book  long-lived.  But  are  not  some  Ameri- 
can books  very  bad? 


120 


Jonathan  Upglade 

I  have  spoken  of  harmful  papers,  magazines, 
and  books.  Now  what  is  the  best  way  of  abol- 
ishing them?  First,  let  us  all  refuse  to  buy 
such  literature  or  to  have  it  in  our  homes  or 
places  of  business.  Second,  let  us  all  try  to 
secure  laws  prohibiting  the  publication,  distri- 
bution, and  sale  of  such  literature;  let  us  see 
that  these  laws  are  enforced.  Third,  let  us  es- 
tablish societies  that  shall  oppose  immoral  pub- 
lications and  other  immoral  things:  there  -'s 
now  at  least  one  such  society  in  the  United 
States,  and  it  is  accomplishing  much  good: 
more  large  societies  are  needed;  also,  a  local 
society  in  each  town.  Fourth,  let  us  refuse  vo 
patronize  stores  that  sell  or  display  immoral 
matter  of  any  kind;  if  even  half  the  congrega- 
tion of  our  church  patronized  only  the  best 
stores  in  this  city,  you  would  very  soon  see  the 
proprietors  of  all  the  stores  vying  with  one 
another  as  to  which  should  have  the  cleanest 
store. 

Perhaps  few  realize  the  enormous  influence 
of  circuses ;  nearly  all  of  the  larger  cities  of  our 
land  are  visited  each  year  by  at  least  one  cir- 
cus, so,  in  the  course  of  a  year,  many  millions 
of  people  attend  them  and  many  millions  are 
obliged  to  look  upon  their  bills.  Altho  some 


121 


The  Sex  Problem 

parts  of  the  circuses  are  good,  some  are  not. 
Dangerous  feats  are  often  performed,  and  peo- 
ple are  hardened  by  witnessing  them.  Many 
of  the  circus  people  appear  in  very  immodest 
dress:  but  worse  even  than  this  is  the  practice 
of  posting  bills  bearing  indecent  pictures ;  these 
bills  are  posted  a  considerable  time  before  the 
arrival  of  the  circus,  and  sometimes  are  allowed 
to  remain  months  after  its  departure;  posted 
on  billboards  and  barns  and  in  stores  and  other 
places,  they  are  forced  upon  the  sight  of  ail. 
Because  a  circus  is  a  circus,  an  exception  often 
seems  to  be  made  in  its  favor:  thousands  of 
people  who  would  not  attend  low  theatres,  take 
their  children  to  the  circus  and  witness  things 
as  bad,  perhaps,  as  are  represented  at  many  of 
the  theatres ;  they  flock  in  from  the  country  for 
miles  around  and  are  joined  by  crowds  from 
the  city;  these  people  should  be  consistent,  by 
refraining  from  attending  circuses  that  are 
not  conducted  decently:  it  seems  that  cir- 
cuses are  often  permitted  to  post  indecent 
bills  that  theatre  companies  would  not  be 
permitted  to  post.  Laws  should  be  enacted 
to  regulate  circuses:  no  animal  should  be 
permitted  in  a  menagerie,  unless  it  can  be 
kept  in  a  fairly  contented  condition;  no 


122 


Jonathan  Upglade 

very  dangerous  feats  should  be  permitted; 
all  persons  appearing  in  circuses  proper  or  in 
sideshows,  should  be  modestly  clothed;  no  vul- 
gar language  should  be  permitted;  all  bills  and 
other  advertisements  should  be  strictly  decent. 
No  community  should  permit  a  circus  to  ex- 
hibit unless  the  circus  is  respectable  in  all 
ways.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  there  will  soon 
be  a  great  improvement  in  circuses;  if  the  bad 
parts  were  abolished  and  the  good  ones  re- 
tained, they  would  be  a  great  source  of  whole- 
some amusement. 

I  shall  now  speak  of  the  assemblies  which  for 
some  years  have  been  held  at  various  places. 
Many  of  these  assemblies  are  now  held  each 
summer,  and  programs  of  various  kinds  are 
presented.  People  come  from  far  and  near  to 
the  assembly  grounds,  and  live  there  in  tents 
during  the  session.  These  assemblies,  or  at 
least  some  of  them,  claim  to  be  aids  in  Christian 
education.  Probably  during  the  earlier  years 
of  their  existence  they  were  really  very  benefi- 
cial, but  in  order  to  continue  to  draw  large 
crowds,  I  believe  that  some  of  these  assemblies 
have  degenerated  so  as  to  be  actually  demoral- 
izing. Having  attended  one  of  these  assemblies 
for  many  years,  I  can  speak  with  considerable 


123 

The  Sex  Problem 

assurance  in  regard  to  it.  The  grounds  of  this 
assembly  are  pleasantly  situated  on  the  banks 
of  a  river,  so  Nature  has  done  much  in  making 
the  place  a  suitable  one.  For  years  the  attrac- 
tions were  elevating.  But  of  late  years,  parts 
of  some  of  the  programs  have  been  such  as  to  be 
anything  but  "aids  in  Christian  education"; 
rather,  they  have  been  aids  in  human  demoral- 
ization. The  manager,  a  sanctimonius,  hypo- 
critical church-member,  is  a  man  who  will  stoop 
to  almost  anything  to  make  things  "pay".  Find- 
ing that  strictly  respectable  entertainments  did 
not  continue  to  draw  large  crowds,  this  hypo- 
crite, together  with  some  others  of  his  class, 
began  to  introduce  attractions  of  a  sensational: 
or  vaudeville  nature.  Vulgar,  sensational  lec- 
turers were  employed.  Then  a  company  exhib- 
iting moving  pictures  was  employed,  and  pic- 
tures, some  of  them  indecent  and  such  as  one 
might  expect  to  see  at  a  low  vaudeville  theatre, 
were  exhibited;  this  was  going  too  far,  and  a 
severe  criticism  has  brought  about  a  reform 
which  I  hope  will  continue.  If  these  assem- 
blies are  kept  up  to  a  proper  standard,  they 
are  very  commendable;  they  furnish  many 
worthy  people  an  opportunity  for  rest  and  in- 
tellectual improvement  at  a  small  cost.  How- 


124 


Jonathan  Upglade 

ever,  if  they  can  not  be  kept  up  to  a  high 
standard,  they  should  be  abolished  without  fur- 
ther delay. 

I  shall  now  speak  of  American  universities 
with  respect  to  their  attitude  toward  the  sex 
problem;  perhaps  what  I  say  will  apply,  also, 
to  universities  in  other  lands.  The  American 
universities  are  having  a  mighty  influence  in 
moulding  the  character  of  our  people.  I  be- 
lieve that  most  of  our  universities,  except  those 
in  which  cruel  vivisectors  are  permitted  to 
operate,  are,  on  the  whole,  a  great  power  for 
good.  Most  of  the  instructors  are  hard-work- 
ing, worthy  gentlemen,  willing  to  give  all 
needed  help  and  encouragement  to  worthy  stu- 
dents ;  some  of  the  instructors  are  men  of  great 
ability.  A  great  deal  of  the  progress  of  our 
nation  is  due  to  our  universities.  The  size  of 
the  universities  is  increasing  rapidly:  but  as 
this  rapid  growth  is  taking  place,  I  believe 
there  is  something  being  lost  that  the  smaller 
institutions  of  years  ago  possessed;  I  believe 
there  is  a  lax  moral  tone  in  some  of  the  large, 
modern  universities  that  compares  very  un- 
favorably with  the  moral  tone  of  the  earlier 
ones;  the  spirit  of  looseness  and  recklessness 
seen  in  other  departments  of  American  life,  is 


125 

X 

The  Sex  Problem 

seen  in  the  universities,  and  it  displays  itself 
most  conspicuously,  perhaps,  in  the  various 
university  publications— in  the  papers,  maga- 
zines, and  annuals.  Liquor  and  tobacco  adver- 
tisements, and  vulgar  or  immodest  pictures  are 
to  be  found  in  some  of  these  publications ;  this, 
of  course,  shows  incompetence  in  the  authori- 
ties of  the  institutions.  It  is  no  wonder  that 
many  parents  prefer  to  send  their  children  to 
denominational  institutions,  rather  than  to 
great,  vulgar  public  ones.  Each  university 
should  have  a  committee  composed  of  the  presi- 
dent and  several  other  members  of  the  faculty; 
this  committee  should  carefully  examine  each 
sentence  and  each  picture,  both  in  reading- 
matter  and  in  advertisements,  before  it  is 
printed;  all  questionable  matter  should  be  sup- 
pressed. The  existence  of  clean,  wholesome 
publications  can  not  help  but  exert  a  good  in- 
fluence on  the  student  body  and  on  the  com- 
munity at  large;  vulgar  publications  can  not 
help  but  be  demoralizing.  If  the  work  proved 
too  much  for  one  committee,  a  committee  should 
be  appointed  for  each  publication.  The  exist- 
ence of  competent  committees,  vested  with  suf- 
ficient power,  would  keep  the  publications  up 
to  the  proper  standard  and  would  give  the  uni- 


126 


Jonathan  Upglade 

versities  a  much  better  influence  and  reputa- 
tion. Another  matter  that  needs  the  attention 
of  universities  and  other  institutions  of  learn- 
ing is  the  practice  of  some  of  the  students  of 
appearing  in  public  in  scanty  clothing  while 
engaged  in  various  kinds  of  athletic  sports  and 
work.  Perhaps  this  evil  is  no  greater  now  than 
formerly,  but  that  is  no  reason  it  should  be 
tolerated  longer.  Many  who  engage  in  athletics 
are  modest  enough  to  dress  decently,  but  there 
are  some  so  lacking  in  modesty  as  to  appear  in 
public  and  even  run  thru  the  streets  in  a  half- 
naked  condition.  Loose  pants  extending  at 
least  to  the  knees  should  be  worn,  and  the 
upper  part  of  the  body  should  be  decently 
clothed.  The  vulgar  fellow,  whether  ostenta- 
tiously desirous  of  displaying  his  body  or  sim- 
ply careless  of  the  demands  of  propriety, 
should  be  kept  within  the  bounds  of  decency. 
It  is  high  time  that  universities  and  other  in- 
stitutions of  learning  reformed  in  this  matter. 
Our  government  should  be  a  champion  of  de- 
cency. But  is  it?  Does  it  not  sometimes  do 
more  to  encourage  immodesty  than  to  discour- 
age it?  Are  not  many  of  the  pictures  and 
statues  in  and  upon  its  public  buildings,  nudi- 
ties? Are  not  the  female  figures  printed  on 


127 

The  Sex  Problem 

some  of  the  national  currency,  miserable  nudi- 
ties? These  bills  are  spread  broadcast  thru 
the  world,  and  are  a  continual  reminder  of  the 
very  bad  taste  of  those  who  chose  the  pictures 
for  the  bills.  Some  of  the  United  States  post- 
age stamps  bear  figures  that  are  in  very  bad 
taste.  Let  the  government  change  its  course; 
let  it  set  a  good  example  by  abolishing  nude 
pictures  and  statuary. 

In  closing  this  sermon  I  shall  speak  of  the 
nude  in  so-called  art.  It  seems  to  me  the  popu- 
lar approval  of  the  nude  in  so-called  art,  indi- 
cates a  barbarous  condition  of  society.  Many 
seem  to  believe  that  the  mere  fact  that  a  nudity 
is  called  a  work  of  art,  renders  that  nudity  a 
harmless  thing;  they  can  not  tell  how  art  per- 
forms the  miracle,  but  they  seem  to  believe  that 
it  has  some  magic  potency:  they  would  call  a 
picture  or  statue  of  a  nude  woman  a  "god- 
dess" or  a  "nymph",  and  presto,  they  think 
it  is  transformed  into  an  edifying  thing;  or 
perchance,  without  even  applying  the  appella- 
tions "goddess"  or  "nymph",  having  learned 
that  the  nudity  is  the  work  of  some  notorious 
"artist",  they  look  upon  it,  or  pretend  to  look 
upon  it,  as  an  edifying  thing.  Many  worthy 
people  who  are  ambitious  to  improve  them- 


128 


Jonathan  Upglade 

selves,  are  advocates  of  the  nude  in  art;  often, 
one  of  their  first  attempts  at  exhibiting  good 
taste  is  to  buy  a  cast  of  the  Venus  de  Milo, 
and  give  it  a  conspicuous  place.  Most  of  these 
people  are  incapable  of  producing  a  true  work 
of  art  or  of  appreciating  such  a  work;  but  in 
certain  stages  of  their  development  they  seem, 
prone  to  admire  the  nude,  and  many  of  them 
really  believe  they  are  displaying  excellent 
taste  by  so  doing:  they  would  have  nudities  in 
their  homes,  in  the  schools  that  their  children 
attend,  and  almost  everywhere  else.  If  you 
decry  a  nudity  to  such  a  person,  he  is  likely  to 
look  at  you  in  a  superior  way  and  say— "Why, 
that  is  a  celebrated  work  of  art  by  the  famous 

".     At  the  mere  mention  of  the  word 

"art"  you  are  expected  to  look  foolish  and  to 
unconditionally  waive  your  objections.  Fur- 
ther, it  may  be  intimated  that  you  are  suspected 
of  having  a  morbid  susceptibility.  I  would 
like  to  call  the  attention  of  the  advocates  of 
the  nude  in  art,  professors,  journalists,  minis- 
ters, or  whatever  they  are,  to  some  opinions  of 
some  eminent  men  regarding  this  matter. 

Rasmus  B.  Anderson,  M.  A.,  in  his  "Norse 
Mythology",  writes  as  follows:— 


129 


The  Sex  Problem 

"We  promised  to  say  something  about  nude  art.  It 
is  this:  We  Goths  are,  and  have  forever  been,  a  chaste 
race.  We  abhor  the  loathsome  nudity  of  Greek  art. 
We  do  not  want  nude  figures,  at  least  not  unless  they 
embody  some  very  sublime  thought.  The  people  of 
southern  Europe  differ  widely  from  us  Northerners  in 
this  respect;  and  this  difference  reaches  far  back  into 
our  respective  mythologies,  adding  additional  proof  to 
the  fact  that  the  myths  foreshadow  the  social  life  of  a 
nation  or  race  of  people.  The  Greek  gods  were  gener- 
ally conceived  as  nude,  and  hence  Greek  art  would  nat- 
urally be  nude  also.  Whether  the  licentiousness  and 
lasciviousness  of  the  Greek  communities  were  the  pri- 
mary causes  of  the  unsesthetical  features  of  their  myth- 
ology or  their  Bacchanalian  revels  sprang  from  the 
mythology,  it  is  difficult  to  determine.  We  undoubtedly 
come  nearest  the  truth  when  we  say  that  the  same 
primeval  causes  produced  both  the  social  life  and  myth- 
ology of  the  Greeks;  that  there  thenceforward  was  an 
active  reciprocating  influence  between  the  religion  on 
the  one  side  and  the  popular  life  on  the  other,  an  influ- 
ence that  we  may  liken  unto  that  which  operates  be- 
tween the  soul  and  the  body;  and  thus  it  may  be  said 
that  the  mythology  and  the  popular  life  combined  pro- 
duced their  nude  art." 

*     »     *     * 

' '  It  was  said  at  the  outset  that  we  Goths  are  a  chaste 
race,  and  abhor  the  loathsome  nudity  of  Greek  art. 
We  were  a  chaste  people  before  our  fathers  came  un- 
der the  influence  of  Christianity.  The  Elder  Edda, 
which  is  the  grand  depository  of  the  Norse  mythology, 
may  be  searched  through  and  through,  and  there  will 
not  be  found  a  single  nude  myth,  not  an  impersonation 
of  any  kind  that  can  be  considered  an  outrage  upon 
virtue  or  a  violation  of  the  laws  of  propriety;  and  this 
feature  of  the  Odinic  religion  deserves  to  be  urged  as 
an  important  reason  why  our  painters  and  sculptors 
should  look  at  home  for  something  wherewith  to  employ 
their  talent,  before  they  go  abroad;  look  in  our  own 
ancient  Gothic  history,  before  going  to  ancient  Greece. " 

Dr.  John  Bascom,  in  his  "Science  of 
Beauty",  writes  as  follows:— 


130 


Jonathan  Upglade 

' '  There  is  one  direction  in  which  art  has  indulged 
itself  in  a  most  marked  violation  of  propriety,  and 
that  too  on  the  side  of  vice.  I  refer  to  the  frequent 
nudity  of  its  figures.  This  is  a  point  upon  which  ar- 
tists have  been  pretty  unanimous,  anu  disposed  to  treat 
the  opinions  of  others  with  hauteur  and  disdain,  as 
arising  at  best  from  a  virtue  more  itching  and  sensi- 
tive than  wise,  from  instincts  more  physical  than 
sesthetical.  This  practice  has  been  more  abused  in 
painting  than  in  sculpture,  both  as  less  needed,  and 
hence  less  justifiable,  and  as  ever  tending  to  become 
more  loose  and  lustful  in  the  double  symbols  of  color 
and  form,  than  when  confined  to  the  pure,  stern  use 
of  the  latter  in  stone  or  metal.  Despite  alleged  neces- 
sities,-— despite  the  high-toned  claims  and  undisguised 
contempt  of  artists, — our  convictions  are  strongly 
against  the  practice,  as  alike  injurious  to  taste  and 
morals.  Indeed,  if  injurious  to  morals,  it  cannot  be 
otherwise  than  injurious  to  taste,  since  art  has  no  more 
dangerous  enemy  than  a  lascivious  perverted  fancy. ' ' 

The  following  is  part  of  an  English  transla- 
tion, which  appeared  in  the  "Living  Age",  of 
an  address  entitled  "Art  and  Morality",  de- 
livered at  Paris  by  the  eminent  editor  and 
critic,  Ferdinand  Brunetiere: — 

"In  order  that  I  may  not  surprise  any  one,  and  also 
that  I  may  secure  to  myself  the  benefit  of  my  frank- 
ness, I  will  tell  you  at  the  very  beginning  that,  in  this 
lecture,  I  purpose  to  be  long,  tiresome,  obscure,  and 
commonplace,  withal.  And,  in  truth,  the  fault  will 
not  be  entirely  in  me,  but  in  the  subject  I  have  chosen: 
Morality  in  Art,  or  rather,  Art  and  Morality,  a  trite 
subject,  as  you  know;  for  since  the  time  of  Plato,  at 
least,  it  has  been  the  common  ground  of  conversation 
in  Academies,  salons,  studios,  schools;  and  in  spite,  or 
rather  because,  of  its  banality,  it  is  a  subject  both 
complex  and  difficult. 

"I  say  because  of  its  triteness;  and  indeed  one  of 
the  great  mistakes  we  make  in  regard  to  'common- 
places' is  believing  them  easy  to  deal  with.  We  have 


131 


The  Sex  Problem 


no  doubt  that  the  easiest  thing  in  the  world  today  is 
to  be,  or  seem  to  be,  original;  and  the  means  thereto 
have  become  so  simple!  We  simply  have  to  maintain 
the  opposite  of  what  people  around  us  think;  to  say 
of  charity,  for  example,  that  there  is  no  need  to  prac- 
tice it, — and  that  is  what  a  whole  school  is  teaching; — 
to  say  of  justice  that  there  is  no  need  to  administer 
it;  to  say  of  patriotism  that  it  is  a  prejudice  of  an- 
other age;  and  twenty  paradoxes  of  the  same  nature. 
This  is  a  sure  way  of  astonishing,  of  cheaply  shocking, 
one's  readers  or  hearers,  and  today  it  is  the  ABC 
of  the  art  of  the  paragrapher  and  of  the  platform  lec- 
turer. In  these  days  intellectuality  merely  consists  in 
thinking  the  opposite  of  other  people!  But  on  the 
other  hand,  to  think  like  everybody  else;  to  seek  solid 
reasons  and  precise  reasons  that  are  those  of  almost 
all  reasonable  people  or  of  all  cultivated  people;  to 
confirm  people,  as  need  be  perhaps,  in  what  the  learned 
Professor  Lombroso  has  called  their  misoneism, — and 
which  is  only  a  wise  distrust  of  novelty; — to  tell  them 
there  are  ideas,  old  ideas,  without  which  the  life  of 
humanity  cannot  do  any  more  than  without  bread;  in 
a  word,  to  communicate  to  them  the  rare  courage,  the 
unusual  audacity,  of  not  wishing,  at  any  price,  to  ap- 
pear more  'advanced'  than  their  times, — that,  ladies 
and  gentlemen,  yes,  that  is  a  difficult  undertaking, 
that  is  a  hazardous  undertaking;  and  that  is  what  I 
would  try  to  do  today. 

"You  know  the  problem,  and  I  have  only  to  remind 
you  of  the  terms  in  which  it  is  stated.  If  we  are  to 
believe  the  artists  in  this  matter,  at  least  certain  of 
the  artists,  and  the  greater  number  of  the  critics,  or 
aesthetes,  but  especially  the  journalists,  Art,  great  Art, 
Art  with  a  capital  A,  would  transform,  would  trans- 
mute into  pure  gold  everything  it  touches,  would  sub- 
limate it,  so  to  speak;  and  would  make  a  thing  to  be 
admired  out  of  a  thing  obscene  or  most  atrocious.  Do 
not  some  call  this  a  means  of  purgation  f 

There's  not  a  monster  bred  beneath  the  sky, 
But,  well  disposed  by  art,  may  please  the  eye. 

"Pascal  said  the  same  thing,  but  in  a  far  more  Jan- 
senist  manner,  when  he  wrote:  'What  a  vanity  is 
painting,  which  attracts  our  admiration  by  the  imita- 
tion of  things  which  we  do  not  admire  in  reality.'  You 


132 


Jonathan  Upglade 

see    that    I    am    keeping    my    promise,    and    one    could 
scarcely  bring  forward  more  familiar  quotations. 

"Illustrious  examples,  moreover,  confirm,  or  seem  to 
confirm,  the  sentence  of  Pascal  and  the  verses  of  Boil- 
eau.  We  admire  in  good  faith,  we  credit  ourselves 
with  good  taste  for  admiring,  under  Greek  names, 
Venuses  which  we  would  not  dare  to  name  in  French; 
and  if  we  strip  (i  well  know  it  is  a  sacrilege),  but  if 
we  do  really  strip  the  subject  of  Corneille's  'Bodogune' 
or  of  Eacine's  'Bajazet, '  for  example,  of  the  prestige 
of  poetry  which  transfigures  them;  if  we  reduce  both 
of  them  to  the  essence  of  the  fable  which  sustains 
them,  what  will  remain  of  them  but  two  intrigues  of 
cue  harem,  which  would  be  all  very  well  in  their  place 
in  the  annals  of  crime  and  indecency.1 

"Yet  we  are  told,  neither  'Bajazet,'  nor  'Eodo- 
gune' especially,  are  works  which  we  can  tax  as  im- 
moral. In  seizing  on  these  intrigues  the  poet — and  it 
is  his  privilege — has  transformed  their  nature.  That 
man  would  be  condemned,  he  would  be  disqualified, 
who  in  the  presence  of  the  goddesses  of  Praxiteles  felt 
emotions  other  than  those  of  the  most  chaste  and  dis- 
interested admiration.  The  fact  is,  we  are  further 
told,  the  artist  or  the  poet  has  lifted  us  above  what  is 
instinctive  or  animal  in  us;  they  have  performed  this 
miracle  by  placing  us — how,  is  not  very  well  known, 
by  a  secret  known  only  to  them — in  a  sphere  where  the 
gross  excitemen.j  of  sense  are  unknown;  they  have 
freed  us  from  ourselves  (you  know  the  theory  of  the 
liberating  power  of  art,  that  of  the  'purgation  of  the 
emotions '  and  I  need  only  allude  to  it  in  passing*) ; 
and  we  have  entered  with  them  into  the  region  of  su- 
preme calm  and  divine  repose. 

La  Mort  peut  disperser  les  univers  tremblans, 
Mais  la  Beautfi  flamboie,  et  tout  renait  en  elle, 
Et  les  mondes  encore  roulent  sous  ses  pieds  blancs.* 

1  It  is  well  known  that  Racine's  boldness  in  the  choice  of  his  subjects  as  in  his 
freedom  of  observation  and  in  the  detail  of  his  style,  has  lone  before  equalled  or 
surpassed  the  most  audacious  that  romanticism  could  imagine  at  a  later  time. 

2  Hegel:  "Aesthetik";  and  Schopenhauer  on  The  Aesthetics  of  Poetry  in  "The 
World  as  Will  and  Idea,"  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  200-220. 

8  "Death  may  shatter  the  trembling  universe;  but  Beauty's  torch  ever  flames 
aloft,  and  all  things  revive,  and  the  worlds  once  more  roll  on  beneath  her  white 
feet." 


133 


The  Sex  Problem 


' '  That  is  not  my  opinion. 

"And  first,  if  this  were  the  place  to  produce  texts, 
I  should  not  be  embarrassed  to  prove  that  Greek  sculp- 
ture— I  mean  that  of  the  great  epoch — fell  short  of 
that  character  of  ideal  purity  that  we  are  accustomed 
to  attribute  to  it.  It  is  pagan;  and  we  must  remem- 
ber that  when  we  speak  of  it!  And  paganism  is  not 
here  or  there,  the  religion  of  Jupiter  or  that  of  Venus, 
the  mysteries  of  Eleusis  or  the  Thesmophoria,  but  sim- 
ply and  in  a  word,  the  adoration  of  the  energies  of 
nature.  Here  custom  makes  us  blind;  but  in  order  to 
see  clearly,  think  what  the  amours  of  the  chief  gods — 
Europa,  Danae,  Leda,  Semele,  Ganymede — have  become 
with  an  Ovid,  for  example,  or  with  the  very  great  paint- 
ers, a  Michel  Angelo,  a  da  Vinci,  a  Correggio,  a  Vero- 
nese: and  more  generally,  all  those  voluptuous  fictions 
which,  after  having  furnished  the  materials  of  classic 
art,  have  come  to  their  end  in  the  terrible  games  in  the 
amphitheatre.  Ask  yourselves,  in  another  art  and  in 
another  order  of  ideas,  whether,  when  we  come  from 
seeing  this  'Bajazet'  or  this  'Bodogune'  played,  of 
which  I  was  speaking  just  now — whether  the  impres- 
sion which  we  carry  from  it  has  not  something  of 
mingled  estrangement,  of  suspicious  estrangement! 

»     *     *     » 

"Have  you  never  asked  yourselves  at  times  whence 
comes  the  scorn  it  is  fashionable,  in  the  last  few  years, 
to  show  toward  Eaphael's  painting!  Independently  of 
the  element  of  snobbery  which  is  certainly  mixed  with 
it, — and  which  consists  in  people  thinking  that  this 
gives  them  the  air  of  connoisseurs, — it  is  because  after 
the  lapse  of  fifty  years  our  eyes  have  learned  to  enjoy 
color  far  more  intensely  than  formerly.  The  sense  of 
color,  which,  as  you  know,  has  had  a  long  history,  and 
the  increasing  complexity  of  which  in  the  progress  of 
time  we  can  follow,  seems  to  have  profited  by  what  the 
sense  of  design  and  form  has  lost.  And  we  delight  in 
reds  or  blues,  yellows  or  greens  today,  as  such,  de- 
manding only  vigor  or  delicacy.  Perhaps  this,  too,  is 
the  reason,  or  one  at  least,  for  the  development  of 
landscape.  The  chief  factor  of  landscape  is  light  or 
color,  a  pleasure  purely  sensuous,  or  primarily  sensuous 
which  it  affords  us;  and  do  not  ^ae  very  words  we  use 


134 


Jonathan  Upglade 

to  admire,  for  example,  a  canvas  uy  Carot  indicate  it 
when  we  speak  of  the  calm,  of  the  freshness,  of  the 
melancholy,  which  we  breathe  there?  All  this  is  not 
only  sensed,  but  sensuous;  and  I  do  not  think  I  need 
support  this  point  any  further. 

"But  there  results  from  this,  ladies  and  gentlemen, 
several  consequences;  and  thus  it  is  that  we  see — I  say, 
in  history — that  when  art  is  left  to  itself  and  seeks 
its  principle  only  in  itself, — poetry,  music,  or  paint- 
ing,— it  degenerates  into  a  mass  of  artifices  to  stir  up 
sensuality.  Then  no  one  asks  of  it  anything  more; 
it  itself  no  longer  thinks  of  anything  but  of  pleasing, 
and  of  pleasing  at  any  price,  by  every  means;  and  it 
literally  changes  from  a  leader  or  from  a  guide  into  a 
kind  of  go-between.  That  is  the  only  name  which  fits 
it  when  I  think  of  our  closing  XVIIIth  century,  of  the 
novels  of  Duclos  and  of  Cr6billon  the  younger,  of  that 
of  Laclos:  'les  Liasons  dangereuses ' ;  of  the  sculpture 
of  Clodion;  of  the  painting  of  Boucher,  of  Frago- 
nard ;  of  the  libertine  engravings  of  so  many  dandies ; 
of  that  furor  of  eroticism  which  disgraces  not  only  the 
'Poesies'  of  Parny,  but  even  those  of  Andr6  ChSnier. 
Let  us  be  bold  enough  to  confess  it;  all  this  art 
which  is  so  praised  to  us,  which  is  still  celebrated, 
all  this  art,  in  all  its  forms,  has  been,  for  nearly  half 
a  century,  scarcely  anything  but  a  perpetual  incentive 
to  debauch;  and  do  you  think  that,  although  it  be  called 
elegant,  debauchery  is  any  the  less  dangerous?  As  for 
me,  I  believe  it  is  far  more  so! 

' '  Here  is  something  graver  still ;  for,  at  heart,  when 
they  are  not  devoid  of  all  moral  sense,  the  Fragonards 
or  these  Cr6billons  cannot  but  know  that  they  ply  a 
shameful  trade.  But  the  seduction  of  form  sometimes 
works  in  a  more  subtle  and  insidious  fashion,  for  which 
the  artist  or  the  public  can  scarcely  themselves  ac- 
count, and  of  which  the  effects  are  more  disastrous; 
for  while  corrupting  the  principle  of  art  there  is  the 
appearance  of  respecting  it ;  optimi  corruptio  pes- 
sima.  When  an  exaggerated  importance,  not  to  say  an 
importance  which  ignores  all  else,  is  attributed  to  the 
form,  then  it  is  that  there  results,  from  this  very  im- 
portance, what  an  Italian  critic,  writing  of  the  de- 
cadence of  Italian  art,  has  justly  called  'the  indiffer- 


135 


The  Sex  Problem 

ence  to  the  content.  '8  That  is  when  the  painter,  Cor- 
reggio  or  Titian,  with  the  same  hand,  as  skilful,  as 
caressing,  as  licentious,  but  as  sure,  with  which  he  yes- 
terday painted  a  'Madonna'  or  an  'Assumption,'  to- 
day paints,  warm  and  amber  on  a  dark  background, 
the  nudity  of  a  courtesan.  It  is  when  a  Montesquieu, 
with  the  same  pen  with  which  he  has  thrown  on  paper 
a  sketch  of  the  'Esprit  des  Lois,'  writes  the  'Lettres 
Persanes'  or  the  'Temple  de  Gnide.'  Or  better  still, 
it  is  when  relaxation  is  taken  after  writing  a  '  Stabat ' 
by  writing  the  music  of  a  ballet.  For,  what,  indeed, 
do  the  things  we  say  matter?  But  what  must  be  con- 
sidered is  the  manner  of  saying  them!  Form  is  every- 
thing, the  basis  is  nothing,  if  it  is  not  the  pretext  or 
occasion  for  the  form.  And,  as  this  striving,  as  this 
care,  as  this  passion  for  form  never  fails  to  lead  to 
new  effects;  as  the  qualities  lost  are,  or  seem  to  be, 
replaced  by  others;  as  the  execution  becomes  more  mas- 
terly or  more  skilful,  it  cannot  at  first  be  seen  where 
that  leads  to.  That,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  leads  di- 
rectly to  dilettanteism ;  and  dilettanteism  is  the  death 
both  of  all  art  and  of  all  morality. 

"Oh,  certainly,  I  know  very  well  I  speak  like  a  bar- 
barian, not  to  say  like  one  possessed;  at  all  events, 
like  an  iconoclast;  and  you  are  used  to  see  something 
else  in  dilettanteism.  Dilettanteism,  I  know,  for  the 
most  of  those  who  profess  it  and  glory  in  it,  for  the 
most  of  those  who  are  in  sympathy  with  it,  means  in- 
dependence of  mind, %  liberty,  diversity,  superiority  of 
taste;  it  means  absence  of  prejudices;  it  is  the  faculty 
of  comprehending  everything.  But,  gentlemen,  is  it 
also  the  faculty  of  excusing  everything?  For,  indeed, 
we  who  believe  in  anything  and  who  have  what  are 
called  '  principles ' — you  know  that  that  means  today 
that  we  are  limited  on  all  sides — can  any  one  imagine 
that  when  we  adopt,  when  we  maintain,  an  opinion, 
that  we  have  not  seen  the  reasons  for  the  contrary 
opinion,  or  the  difficulties  of  the  one  we  adopt?  Alas! 
there  is  not  a  critic  or  historian  worthy  of  the  name 
who  does  not  argue  against  his  tastes,  who  does  not 
combat  his  own  pleasures,  who  does  not  harden  himself 
against  the  things  that  attract  him.  But  dilettanteism 

8  Francesco  de  Sanctis,  '  Storia  della  Letteratnre  Italiana,"  I.,  p.  367  tf. 


136 


is  nothing  but  an  incapacity  for  taking  sides,  an  en- 
feeblement  of  the  will,  when  it  is  not  a  clouding  of  the 
moral  sense;  and — on  the  most  favorable  supposition — 
a  tendency,  eminently  immoral,  to  make  of  the  beauty 
of  things  the  measure  of  their  absolute  value. 

"When  art  comes  to  that — and  it  necessarily  comes 
to  that  whenever  it  seeks  its  end  only  in  itself  or  in 
what  is  emphatically  called  the  realization  of  pure 
beauty — I  once  more  repeat,  it  is  not  only  art  which 
is  ruined;  it  is  morality;  or,  if  you  want  something 
more  precise,  it  is  society,  which  has  made  an  idol  of 
it.  We  have  a  memorable  example  of  this  in  the  Italy 
of  the  XVth  and  of  the  XVIth  centuries,  assuredly 
one  of  the  most  corrupt  societies  of  history,  according 
to  the  admission  of  all  historians;  the  Italy  of  all 
these  tyrants  to  whom  we  seem  to  have  pardoned  every- 
thing because  they  have  had  triumphal  mythologies 
painted  in  fresco  on  the  walls  and  ceilings  of  their 
palaces;  or  because  the  daggers  they  buried  in  the 
breasts  of  their  victims  were  marvellously  carved  by  a 
Be^venuto  Cellini.*  And  do  you  know  whence  is  this 
corruption,  gentlemen?  Precisely  from  this  idolizing 
of  art,  or,  if  you  prefer  it,  from  the  subordination  of 
every  part  of  public  and  private  life  to  art  and  its 
demands. "  *  *  *  * 

9De  Sanctis,  lOc  cit,  and  Burkhardt:  "The  Civilization  of  the  Renaissance  in 
Italy." 


CHURCH  DISCIPLINE 

I  have,  on  the  last  few  Sundays,  spoken  of 
several  social  problems  and  have  appealed  to 
you  as  individuals  to  do  your  part  in  solving 
them.  Today  I  shall  speak  of  the  present  con- 
dition of  the  church,  and  particularly  of  the 
matter  of  church  discipline. 

The  church  is  undergoing  a  rapid  change  of 
character.  The  old,  orthodox  creeds  are  dis- 
appearing, and  liberal  creeds  are  taking  their 
places.  The  change  is  good  if  not  carried  too 
far,  but  in  this  matter  as  in  many  others  there 
is  danger  of  going  to  extremes.  At  present, 
many  churches  exhibit  a  strange  incongruity; 
they  still  cling  somewhat  tenaciously  to  old, 
wornout  creeds,  but  at  the  same  time  allow 
very  loose  conduct  of  certain  members  to  pass 
without  reproach  or  hardly  comment  even. 

I  believe  that  foolish  creeds  should  be  abol- 
ished, and  that  the  church  should  found  itself 
on  a  strictly  practical  working  basis;  it  should 


138 


Jonathan  Upglade 

face  the  problems  of  the  present  time  and  do 
its  part  to  solve  them.  Many  churches  are  now 
ministering  to  the  physical  needs  of  the  people. 
This  work  is  most  commendable  so  long  as  the 
state  is  not  fully  efficient  in  the  work.  Espe- 
cially in  large  cities,  much  is  done  to  improve 
the  condition  of  the  lower  classes.  However, 
it  may  be  that  the  state  will  in  time  relieve  the 
church,  so  that  it  will  no  longer  feel  it  its  duty 
to  provide  schools,  amusements,  employment 
bureaus,  and  other  needful  things  for  the  peo- 
ple. The  church  should  at  all  times  minister 
directly  to  the  spiritual  side  jof  man's  nature, 
even  tho  it  is  at  the  same  time  ministering  in- 
directly by  improving  the  bodily  condition.  If 
the  state  becomes  fully  efficient,  the  church  can 
devote  its  entire  attention  to  things  directly 
connected  with  the  mind.  However,  it  is  prob- 
able that  the  state  will  never  be  efficient  in  the 
highest  degree;  in  this  case  the  church  should 
never  give  up  its  practical  work,  but,  keeping 
forever  in  advance  of  the  state,  it  should,  while 
doing  direct  good  itself,  stimulate  the  state 
by  its  example  to  an  ever  better  care  of  the 
people. 

But  if  the  church  is  to  exist  and  flourish,  it 
must  conduct  itself  in  such  a  way  as  to  inspire 
respect. 


139 


Church  Discipline 

Now,  to  be  honest,  is  our  church,  for  exam- 
ple, conducting  itself  in  a  way  to  inspire  re- 
spect! 

Suppose  you  should  meet  a  man  of  gentle- 
manly speech  and  bearing,  dressed  in  a  per- 
fectly-fitting suit  of  an  excellent  quality  of 
cloth,  wearing  costly  and  becoming  shoes  and 
hat,  and  having  a  clean  and  well-shaven  face; 
but  suppose  this  man  wore  a  very  dirty  collar 
and  necktie  and  that  his  finger  nails  were  long 
and  dirty?  "Would  you  not  be  loath  to  place 
much  confidence  in  him?  Would  you  not  sus- 
pect that  he  was  some  sort  of  fraud,  or  that,  in 
spite  of  his  fine  address  and  costly  apparel,  he 
really  was  a  slovenly  person? 

Altho  the  church  is  a  distinct  body  as  a 
whole,  still  this  body  is  composed  of  various 
members.  Now  let  us  consider  the  members  of 
the  church,  and  what  do  we  find?  One  class 
is  composed  of  a  few  members,  most  of  them 
women,  who  are  earnest,  faithful  workers;  they 
are  doing  their  share  and  much  more;  they" 
constitute  a  large  part  of  the  life  of  the  church, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  the  minister 
in  some  cases,  are  the  greatest  factor  to- 
ward making  it  respectable  and  effective.  The 
next  and  by  far  the  largest  class  is  composed 


140 


Jonathan  Upglade 

ol  indifferent  people:  they  contribute  a  fair 
amount  of  money  for  the  support  of  the  church, 
but  they  do  very  little  active  work;  it  almost 
seems  that  they  pay  so  much  each  year  for  the 
sake  of  coming  to  church  on  Sunday  to  be  en- 
tertained: this  class  is  largely  represented  in 
almost  all  churches,  and  their  easygoing  indif- 
ference is  exasperating  to  active,  earnest 
ministers.  Thus  far  the  church  is  a  respect- 
able body,  the  members  of  which  average  high 
above  the  average  person  outside  the  church. 
But  the  church  contains  another  class;  this 
class  is  small,  but  is  so  conspicuous  that  it  at- 
tracts the  attention  of  the  public  and  creates 
a  false  impression  as  to  the  true  character  of 
the  church;  in  this  class  there  are  a  few  genu- 
ine hypocrites  who  joined  the  church  for  mer- 
cenary purposes,  and  the  rest  are  persons  who 
do  not  seem  to  intend  wrong  but  who  seem  ig- 
norant as  to  the  proper  conduct  of  church- 
members;  these  hypocrites  and  ignoramuses 
constitute  what  might  be  called  the  dirty  collar 
and  necktie  and  the  long,  dirty  finger  nails  of 
the  church. 

The  few  members  of  the  first  class  who  really 
are  overworking,  should  be  relieved. 

The     great,     easy-going,     indifferent     class 


141 


Church  Discipline 

should,  as  far  as  possible,  be  put  to  work. 
Many  members  of  this  class  might  be  reached 
by  enlarging  the  plans  of  church  work  and 
urging  indifferent  members  to  do  special  pieces 
of  work;  many  members  of  this  class  would 
soon  become  interested  and  efficient  if  they 
could  once  be  started  at  some  suitable  form  of 
church  work. 

Of  the  third  class,  that  composed  of  the 
hypocrites  and  ignoramuses,  I  shall  speak  at 
length;  it  is  this  class  that  does  so  much  to 
hamper  the  work  of  the  church  and  to  lower 
its  standing  in  the  eyes  of  the  community. 

The  ordinary  disciplining  committees  that 
the  churches  now  have,  usually  deal  only  with 
extreme  cases.  Their  work  is  along  the  right 
line,  but  is  altogether  too  limited. 

I  have  a  plan  for  dealing  with  inconsistent 
church-members  that  I  shall  now  state: — 

The  church  should  have  a  committee  com- 
posed of  the  minister  and  twelve  of  the  best 
members.  This  committee  would  be  in  reality 
a  judge  and  jury,  and  its  duty  would  be  to  in- 
vestigate charges  brot  against  members  and  to 
pass  judgment  upon  them.  Printed  forms  upon 
which  complaints  might  be  made  should  be  fur- 
nished to  members  of  the  church  and  to  any 


142 


Jonathan  Upglade 

respectable  outsiders  who  wished  for  them. 
Complaints  might  be  signed  by  one  person  or  by 
more.  Before  making  complaints  to  the  com- 
mittee, it  would  be  best  to  speak  privately  to 
the  offending  persons;  in  many  cases  they 
would  reform,  and  it  would  be  unnecessary  to 
make  complaints  to  the  committee. 

I  shall  now  read  a  few  imaginary  complaints, 
so  that  you  may  understand  what  I  consider 
would  be  a  proper  character  of  complaint. 


,  Virginia,  July  15,  1905. 

Complaint  made  against 

Nature  of  complaint:— It  is  with  reluctance 
that  I  make  this  complaint  against  a  member 
of  our  church,  but  I  have  unmistakable  evi- 
dence that is  dishonest.  Altho  I 

have  known  him  to  be  dishonest  in  large  mat- 
ters, I  shall  in  this  complaint  speak  of  only 
one  small  matter  and  I  hope  when  his  attention 
is  called  to  this  he  will  reform  so  no  more  se- 
rious complaints  need  be  made.  Mr 

lives  near  the  terminus  of  the  street  car  line, 
and  there  are  so  few  passengers  near  the  ter- 
minus that  no  conductor  boards  the  cars  until 
the  first  switch  is  reached.  Then  a  conductor 


143 


Church  Discipline 

boards  the  ingoing  car  from  the  outgoing  car 

that  is  passed  on  the  switch.    When  

is  on  an  ingoing  car  that  reaches  the  switch  be- 
fore the  other  does,  he  slips  off  and  walks  the 
rest  of  the  way  up  town.  In  other  words  he 
steals  a  ride  in  as  far  as  the  switch.  It  seems 
to  me  this  is  a  pretty  contemptible  thing  for  a 
man  to  do. 

Signed :     


,  Virginia,  July  16,  1905. 

Complaint  made  against 

Nature  of  complaint: — I  hereby  make  com- 
plaint of ,  a  member  of  your  church, 

for  cruelty  to  animals.  He  has  a  horse  worth 
about  thirty-five  dollars  that  he  would  like  to 
make  appear  worth  two  hundred  dollars.  The 
horse  has  hardly  enough  life  to  hold  its  head 

up  to  the  level,  but  Mr drives  it 

with  a  tight  over-check  that  holds  its  head  far 
up  in  the  air.  The  horse  is  in  misery  all  the 
time  it  is  hitched  up  and  it  keeps  jerking  its 
head  in  the  attempt  to  change  its  position  and 
rest  its  neck. 

Signed :     


144 


Jonathan  Upglade 

,  Virginia,  July  19,  1905. 

Complaint  made  against 

Nature  of  complaint:— We,  the  undersigned, 
make  complaint  against  Mr on  ac- 
count of  the  very  slovenly  appearance  of  his 
property.  We  believe  him  to  be  an  honest  man 
and  a  good  neighbor  in  most  ways,  but  he  is  so 
dirty  and  slovenly  about  himself  and  his  prop- 
erty that  we  wish  his  church  would  call  his  at- 
tention to  it.  Mr has  various  kinds 

of  old  buggies  and  mattresses,  etc.,  scattered 
around  his  front  yard  and  he  generally  has  two 
or  three  old  rigs  in  the  street  outside  his  fence. 
We  all  live  near  him  and  keep  up  our  places 
well  and  his  place  is  an  eyesore  to  our  whole 
neighborhood.  It  decreases  the  value  of  our 
property  too  because  no  one  wants  to  buy  lots 
and  live  near  him.  If  he  would  take  even  one 
half  day  and  pile  up  all  the  rubbish  in  a  pile 
back  of  his  house  and  cut  the  weeds  in  his  front 
yard  and  in  front  of  his  sidewalk  it  would 
help  the  looks  of  things  a  great  deal.  No  man 
has  the  right  to  spoil  the  looks  of  a  neighbor- 
hood as  he  does  and  besides  it  is  disgusting  for 
everybody  who  passes  by  his  place. 

Signed :     


145 


Church  Discipline 

,  Virginia,  July  20,  1905. 

Complaint  made  against 

Nature  of  complaint:— I  wish  to  make  com- 
plaint against  ,  the  editor  of  the 

largest  newspaper  in  the  city.  Altho  I  am  not 
much  acquainted  with  Mr ,  I  be- 
lieve he  was  a  man  who  began  life  with  high 
ideals,  and  to  see  him  fallen  as  he  has  is  to  me 
a  pitiful  sight.  He  had  not  been  an  editor 
long  I  suppose  before  he  came  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  he  could  make  more  money  if  he  re- 
fused to  listen  to  his  conscience  and  conducted 
a  vulgar  newspaper  like  the  average  newspaper 
of  today.  He  acts  as  if  he  was  trying  to  save 
his  soul  and  retain  respectability  by  taking  a 
stand  against  the  saloons.  He  refuses  to  ad- 
vertise saloons  and  he  frequently  writes  arti- 
cles against  them.  So  far  so  good.  But  what 
does  this  inconsistent  man  do?  He  advertises 
miserable  patent  medicines,  containing  a  large 
percentage  of  alcohol.  He  advertises  a  vaude- 
ville theatre  where  drinks  are  served  to  the 
spectators.  He  advertises  tobacco  and  cigar- 
ettes. He  advertises  businesses  that  are  de- 
frauding people.  Occasionally  he  prints  a  vul- 
gar or  an  obscene  picture.  But  probably  the 
worst  thing  he  does  is  to  advertise  comic  operas 


146 


Jonathan  Upglade 

and  other  low  theatres.  Of  the  shows  that  come 
to  this  city  probably  fully  one-half  or  three- 
fourths  are  low  and  demoralizing.  In  many 
of  the  comic  operas  and  other  plays,  brazen 
women  only  partly  clothed  appear  before  the 

audiences.     Mr advertises  every 

show  that  comes  along.  You  may  call  this 
hypocrisy  or  inconsistency  or  what  you  will, 
but  if  the  church  is  to  tolerate  such  men  as  Mr. 

among  its  members  it  need  not  be 

surprised  if  it  loses  whatever  respect  the  com- 
munity has  for  it. 

Signed:     

,  Virginia,  July  22,  1905. 

Complaint  made  against 

Nature  of  complaint: — I  hereby  make  com- 
plaint against   ,  a  deacon  in  our 

church.  I  believe  he  is  doing  much  to  lower 
the  moral  tone  of  our  city  and  I  know  of  some 
good  people,  not  members  of  churches,  who  are 
greatly  prejudiced  against  our  church  because 

of  the  conduct  of  Mr and  because 

we  allow  him  to  remain  a  member.  His  book- 
store is  an  abomination.  He  sells  books  and 
magazines  that  are  indecent.  He  sells  posters 


147 


Church  Discipline 

of  various  degrees  of  indecency.  They  are  pic- 
tures of  ballet  dancers,  etc.  Some  bad  ones  are 
displayed  in  his  windows  and  on  his  counters, 
but,  for  fear  he  will  be  criticized,  the  worst 
ones  are  kept  out  of  sight  and  sold  to  any  who 
call  for  them.  I  think  his  profit  on  the  sale  of 
posters  is  large,  and  hundreds  of  the  miserable 
things  are  now  in  the  hands  of  young  people 
in  our  city.  He  also  has  two  or  three  indecent 
statues  in  his  store.  To  be  frank,  I  cannot  be- 
lieve in  his  sincerity,  and  I  believe  this  church 
should  drop  him  from  its  membership  if  he  does 
not  speedily  change  his  conduct.  I  am  inter- 
ested to  know  what  will  be  done  in  his  case. 
I,  who  make  this  complaint,  am  poor  and  not 
able  to  do  much  financially  for  the  church.  He 
is  wealthy  and  a  deacon  in  the  church. 

Signed :     


,  Virginia,  July  25,  1905. 

Complaint  made  against 

Nature  of  complaint: — Two  years  ago  I  did 

some  carpenter  work  for  Mr and 

I  supposed  he  would  pay  me  at  once  or  soon. 
I  waited  a  few  weeks  and  then  asked  him  for 
it  and  he  promised  it  to  me  soon.  When  he  did 


148 


Jonathan  Upglade 

not  pay  me  I  asked  him  for  it  again  and  he 
promised  again  and  so  it  has  gone  on  and  I 
have  not  collected  a  dollar  of  it  yet.  I  am  poor 
and  have  a  large  family  and  need  the  money. 
He  is  rich  and  when  I  lately  heard  of  his  giv- 
ing a  large  sum  for  the  new  church  I  felt  as  if 
he  was  giving  my  money  and  not  his.  People 
say  he  puts  his  money  at  interest  and  makes 
poor  people  wait  for  months  or  even  for  years. 
I  don't  think  this  is  right  and  think  the  church 
ought  to  make  him  pay  his  debts. 

Signed :     

When  a  complant  is  made  against  a  member, 
the  committee  should  privately  inform  him  of 
the  exact  nature  of  the  complaint;  any  pub- 
licity whatever  should  be  avoided.  The  member 
complained  of  should  appear  before  the  com- 
mittee and  should  have  an  opportunity  to  re- 
fute the  charges;  it  might  often  happen  that 
the  charges  were  unjust.  If  found  guilty,  the 
member  should  be  given  another  chance  unless 
the  case  were  a  very  serious  one. 

If  a  second  complaint  of  the  same  nature  is 
made,  the  member  should  again  appear  before 
the  committee  and  be  tried.  If  he  was  found 
guilty  at  the  first  trial  and  is  again  found 


149 


Church  Discipline 

guilty,  he  should  be  expelled  from  the  church 
for  at  least  three  months,  and  indefinitely  un- 
less he  reforms. 

These  expelled  persons  should  in  no  wise  be 
neglected.  They  should  be  treated  as  weak 
brothers  who  need  help;  everything  should  be 
done  to  help  them  become  respectable,  and  as 
soon  as  they  are  reformed  they  should  be  gladly 
received  into  the  church  again. 

The  greatest  drawback  to  the  system  I  pro- 
pose would  probably  be  the  lack  of  sufficient 
moral  courage  on  the  part  of  church-members 
to  make  complaints;  but  it  is  to  be  hoped  there 
are  some  members  in  each  church  brave  enough 
to  make  complaints  in  cases  where  they  are 
needed.  Outsiders  should  be  able  to  obtain 
complaint  blanks  in  some  easy  manner,  and  it 
probably  would  be  from  outsiders  that  a  large 
percentage  of  the  complaints  would  come.  Of 
course  many  complaints  would  be  unjust,  but 
the  strict  secrecy  on  the  part  of  the  committee 
regarding  first  complaints  would  protect  ac- 
cused persons  from  publicity. 

I  sincerely  wish  my  plan  might  be  thoroly 
tried.  I  think  it  would  have  the  effect  of 
greatly  improving  the  conduct  of  church-mem- 
bers, and  would  improve  the  reputation  and 
character  of  churches. 


UPLIFT  SOCIETIES 

I 

I  have  now  spoken  of  various  evils  and  have 
suggested  some  ways  of  abolishing  them.  Very 
much  can  be  accomplished  by  individuals;  the 
feeling  of  individual  responsibility  should  al- 
ways be  cherished,  and  the  individual  effort 
should  always  be  continued :  however,  there  are 
many  forms  of  good  work  in  which  associated 
action  is  needed;  in  many  cases  a  society  of 
people  could  accomplish  reforms  that  the  mem- 
bers of  the  society,  acting  individually,  could 
not  accomplish.  It  is  my  opinion  that  the  good 
element  in  nearly  all  communities  is  strong 
enough  to  accomplish  great  reforms,  if  it  could 
be  marshalled  to  work  according  to  an  intelli- 
gent plan  and  under  the  right  kind  of  leaders. 

Humane  societies  now  exist  in  many  com- 
munities. I  shall  not  speak  of  them  at  length, 
but  shall  say  only  that  there  should  be  one, 
and  an  efficient  one,  in  each  community.  Vari- 


152 


Jonathan  Upglade 

cms  other  societies  work  for  the  cause  of  tem- 
perance and  other  good  causes. 

I  shaJl  in  this  sermon  recommend  the  forma- 
tion of  what  I  shall  call  Uplift  Societies.  I 
shall  suggest  some  plans  for  organization  and 
subsequent  work. 

I  wish  an  Uplift  Society  might  be  established 
in  every  community.  The  prime  object  of  these 
societies  would  be  the  abolishing  of  immoral 
theatres,  shows,  circuses,  billboards,  literature, 
pictures,  statuary,  and  so  forth.  Each  society 
should  have  a  president  and  other  officers,  and 
the  various  societies  should  have  a  strong  or- 
ganization among  themselves.  The  societies 
should  have  a  certain  creed  that  members  must 
agree  to  live  up  to.  A  creed  something  like 
the  following  would  be  suitable:  "I  agree  to 
dress  and  to  speak  modestly,  to  patronize  the 
best  stores,  to  subscribe  for  none  but  re- 
spectable publications,  to  attend  only  respect- 
able theatres  and  other  amusements,  and  to  do 
all  else  in  my  power  to  encourage  the  cause  of 
purity". 

These  societies  should  meet  once  each  week. 
If  they  were  strong  enough  to  own  buildings  for 
their  meetings,  it  would  be  best  to  have  such 
buildings;  if  not  strong  enough  for  this,  they 


153 


Uplift  Societies 

might  meet  in  churches  or  at  the  homes  of 
members  or  in  other  suitable  places.  Societies 
that  were  able  to  publish  newspapers  or  maga- 
zines would  find  it  a  great  aid  in  their  work; 
at  least  one  great  magazine  with  a  world-wide 
circulation  ought  to  be  published  by  the  united 
efforts  of  the  societies. 

One  great  work  of  the  Uplift  Societies  would 
be  to  secure  laws  prohibiting  immoral  things. 
However,  in  most  places  it  is  probable  the  laws 
would  not  be  fully  efficient  even  if  secured; 
accordingly,  it  seems  to  me  that  the  Uplift  So- 
cieties should  also  use  other  means  to  gain  their 
ends.  I  shall  now  suggest  a  plan  of  action  that 
I  think  would  prove  wonderfully  effective: — 

In  the  case  of  immoral  theatres,  shows,  cir- 
cuses, and  so  forth,  the  laws  should  be  used  as 
far  as  possible.  But,  in  addition  to  this,  all 
members  of  the  Uplift  Societies  should  discour- 
age these  things  by  refusing  to  patronize  them : 
some  regular  means  of  rapid  communication 
between  the  societies  in  various  places  should 
be  employed;  people  could  thus  be  warned  of 
the  coming  of  immoral  entertainments,  and 
would  be  prepared  to  fight  them.  Moreover, 
the  Uplift  Societies  should  try  to  abolish  im- 
moral entertainments  by  encouraging  moral 


154 


Jonathan  Upglade 

ones:  probably  it  would  be  very  effective  to 
furnish  good  entertainments  on  the  dates  that 
the  bad  ones  were  given;  it  would  be  excellent 
if  they  could  rent  or  own  theatres. 

In  the  case  of  immoral  billboards,  all  fair 
means  should  be  adopted  to  abolish  them.  Each 
city  government  should  exercise  a  censorship 
over  them,  if  they  are  not  abolished. 

In  the  case  of  immoral  literature,  pictures, 
and  statuary,  laws  should  be  secured  and  en- 
forced as  far  as  possible  and  a  regular  system 
of  boycotting  offenders  should  be  employed.  I 
shall  now  make  some  suggestions  in  regard  to 
this  matter  of  boycotting.  At  first  thot  one 
might  think  it  an  act  of  intolerance  beneath  a 
true  reformer,  but  it  seems  to  me  a  perfectly 
legitimate  and  reasonable  act.  For  instance, 
if  a  druggist  displays  immoral  pictures  in  his 
windows  or  in  other  parts  of  his  store,  he  is 
poisoning  the  community,  as  it  were,  and  so  he 
is  unfit  to  keep  a  store;  patronage  should  be 
withdrawn  from  him  and  given  to  some  other 
druggist  who  is  worthy  of  it.  The  Uplift  So- 
cieties should  keep  careful  watch  of  the  various 
stores  and  other  business  places.  They  should 
talk  them  over  at  their  weekly  meetings.  All 
places  that  sell  or  display  immoral  literature, 


165 


Uplift  Societies 

pictures,  or  other  things,  should  be  placed  on 
the  black-list.  All  members  of  the  societies 
should  withdraw  their  patronage  from  the 
black-listed  businesses.  If  these  businesses  re- 
formed their  evil  practices,  the  boycotts  should 
be  removed  after  a  short  time  but  not  at  once. 
Some  people  could  not  be  reached  by  any  ap- 
peal to  decency,  but  if  their  pocket-books  were 
affected  they  would  speedily  reform  their  busi- 
nesses. 

Let  us  take  an  example  for  the  sake  of  illus- 
tration:—The  little  city  of  Fredonia,  in  a  neigh- 
boring state,  has  a  population  of  two  thousand. 
It  has  three  drug-stores,  owned  by  men  named 
Haskell,  Everts,  and  Ferryman.  These  drug- 
stores are  much  alike  and  are  of  about  the  same 
character  as  the  average  drug-store  in  a  small 
city;  they  all  sell  some  bad  papers  and  maga- 
zines, they  all  sell  some  patent  medicines  that 
are  harmful,  and  none  of  them  is  above  display- 
ing obscene  pictures ;  however,  Haskell 's  store  is 
not  so  bad  as  the  other  two.  Now  suppose  an 
Uplift  Society  is  formed  at  Fredonia.  It  meets, 
and  among  other  matters  it  talks  over  the  drug- 
stores; it  decides  that  Haskell 's  store  is  the 
least  bad  of  the  three;  it  appoints  one  of  its 
members  to  interview  Haskell  telling  him  that 


156 


Jonathan  Upglade 

if  he  will  reform  his  business  he  will  receive 
the  patronage  of  all  the  members  of  the  society 
as  long  as  the  other  stores  remain  what  they 
are.  Haskell  reforms  his  business.  As  soon  as 
Everts  and  Ferryman  learn  what  has  happened 
and  see  some  of  their  old  patrons  going  to 
HaskelPs  store,  do  you  not  suppose  they  will 
speedily  reform  their  businesses? 

The  Uplift  Societies  should  follow  the  same 
course  with  the  book-stores  and  other  business 
places.  It  would  be  an  excellent  thing  if  they 
could  induce  one  or  more  meat-dealers  in  each 
city  to  sell  only  the  meat  of  animals  that  had 
been  killed  humanely ;  it  would  also  be  an  excel- 
len  thing  to  induce  one  or  more  grocers  not  to 
sell  canned  lobsters,  crabs,  clams,  and  other  ani- 
mals that  had  been  killed  in  a  cruel  manner: 
then  the  members  of  the  society  should  give  ail 
their  patronage  to  the  meat-dealers  and  grocers 
who  were  selling  only  such  things  as  they  ought. 
The  Uplift  Societies  should  try  to  secure  the 
co-operation  of  the  Humane  Societies  in  this 
matter. 

Probably  the  Uplift  Societies  could  do  the 
greatest  good  by  discouraging  the  publication 
of  low  papers  and  magazines.  All  members  who 
were  subscribers  to  any  papers  or  magazines 


157 


Uplift  Societies 

that  were  not  strictly  respectable,  should  with- 
draw their  subscriptions,  stating  their  reason 
for  so  doing.  The  central  office  of  the  Uplift 
Societies  should  frequently  print  lists  of  papers 
and  magazines,  stating  which  are  good  and 
which  are  bad.  These  lists  should  be  sent  to 
the  president  of  each  Uplift  Society,  and  per- 
haps to  each  member.  A  determined  and  con- 
certed action  of  the  various  societies  in  all 
parts  of  the  world  regarding  this  matter  would, 
I  think,  so  seriously  affect  the  publishers  of  low 
literature  that  most  of  them  would  be  obliged 
to  suspend  publication  or  else  improve  their 
literature.  The  members  of  Uplift  Societies 
should  also  refuse  to  purchase  immoral  books; 
lists  of  books  should  be  sent  out  in  the  same 
way  as  the  lists  of  papers  and  magazines. 

No  member  of  an  Uplift  Society  should  em- 
ploy any  teamster,  hackman,  or  other  person 
who  uses  a  horse  that  is  unfit  for  work.  No 
member  should  eat  the  flesh  of  any  animal  that 
was  killed  in  a  cruel  manner  or  otherwise 
cruelly  treated. 

Some  of  you  who  have  not  thot  deeply  on 
these  subjects,  may  now  be  thinking  somewhat 
as  follows:  "My  dear  sir,  you  are  evidently  a 
very  earnest,  well-meaning  man,  but  can  you 


158 


Jonathan  Upglade 

not  realize  that  you  are  advocating  intolerant 
measures  and  that  you  are  a  thousand  years 
behind  the  times?  Eemember  that  this  is  a 
civilized  age,  and  that  toleration  is  about  the 
only  means  of  bettering  the  condition  of  the 
world." 

To  those  who  are  thinking  thus  I  reply:— 

When  you  say  this  is  a  civilized  age,  you  are 
badly  mistaken.  An  age  in  which  dumb  ani- 
mals are  tortured,  and  in  which  men  are  burned 
at  the  stake,  and  in  which  many  other 
horrible  things  are  done,  has  no  right  to  be 
called  civilized.  Some  individuals  are  civilized 
and  are  doing  work  that  is  very  noble;  but 
these  people  constitute  so  small  a  percentage 
that  it  is  absurd  to  call  the  world  as  a  whole, 
civilized. 

When  you  say  toleration  is  about  the  only 
means  of  bettering  the  condition  of  the  world, 
you  are  again  mistaken.  Toleration  is  a  very  im- 
portant means,  and  probably  the  most  import- 
ant one,  but  hand  in  hand  with  it  there  must 
go  restraint  and  direction  or  else  toleration  will 
make  a  dismal  failure. 

In  concluding  this  sermon  I  shall  make  some 
remarks  on  toleration ;  I  think  that  by  so  doing 
I  can  make  my  position  as  a  reformer  better 
understood. 


159 


Uplift  Societies 

It  has  been  aptly  said  that  a  universal  and 
absolute  toleration  of  everything  and  everybody 
would  lead  to  a  general  chaos  as  certainly  as  a 
universal  and  absolute  intolerance. 

Most  people  will  agree  that  if  a  man  walks 
up  the  street  shooting  people,  his  action  should 
not  be  tolerated.  Most  people  will  agree  that  if 
a  man  walks  up  the  street  cleaning  his  finger 
nails  and  chewing  a  toothpick,  he  has  a  perfect 
right  to  do  so;  his  actions  offend  the  taste  of 
refined  persons,  but  these  persons  should  notice 
him  as  little  as  possible  and  look  forward  to 
the  time  when  he  will  outgrow  his  vulgar  habits. 
Between  two  such  diverse  cases  as  these  men- 
tioned, there  are  all  grades  of  actions  that  are 
more  or  less  objectionable  to  greater  or  less 
numbers  of  people. 

Probably  an  insistence  upon  a  nearly  uniform 
mode  of  action  would  not  be  wise.  Professor 
Kitchie  says:— "There  must  be  variety  of  ideas 
for  the  selecting  process  to  work  upon;  but  in 
the  evolution  of  ideas  and  institutions,  the  less 
the  lives  and  welfare  of  individual  human  be- 
ings are  sacrificed,  the  higher  is  the  type  of 
evolution."  I  think  I  can  agree  with  Professor 
Ritchie  in  this,  if  he  will  omit  the  word  "hu- 
man" and  thus  not  infer  that  the  lives  and 


160 


Jonathan  Upglade 

welfare  of  other  beings  are  not  to  be  consid- 
ered. 

Granting  that  some  things  should  be  toler- 
ated and  some  not,  it  is  very  hard  if  not  im- 
possible to  determine  just  how  large  a  variety 
of  action  is  best  or  in  other  words  to  determine 
what  actions  should  be  tolerated  and  what  ones 
not.  The  time,  the  place,  and  many  other 
things  should  be  considered;  many  acts  that 
should  be  tolerated  under  certain  circumstances, 
should  not  be  tolerated  under  others.  Bight 
and  wrong  should  be  judged  by  the  standard 
of  social  well-being,  that  thing  being  right  that 
makes  for  the  betterment  of  the  world  as  a 
whole  and  that  thing  being  wrong  that  makes 
for  the  detriment  of  the  world  as  a  whole.  The 
best  that  can  be  done  in  any  case  is  to  use  the 
best  possible  judgment  in  view  of  all  existing 
circumstances. 

There  is  one  class  of  reformers,  numbering 
legions,  that  is  often  overlooked.  Their  work 
is  done  by  quiet,  peaceable  means,  and  many 
members  of  the  class  would  be  much  surprised 
if  told  that  they  were  reformers.  This  class 
is  composed  of  those  people  who  go  quietly 
ahead  and  set  good  examples  by  doing  things 
well.  The  housewife  who  does  her  work  well, 


161 


Uplift  Societies 

is  setting  a  good  example,  and  her  work  is  in- 
spiring to  all  who  see  it;  the  architect  who 
plans  beautiful  and  appropriate  buildings,  is 
raising  the  taste  of  people,  and  is  decreasing 
the  demand  for  the  work  of  the  unskilful  ar- 
chitect; the  painter  or  sculptor  whose  work  is 
pure  and  ennobling,  is  helping  to  drive  out  evil 
pictures  and  statuary  by  developing  the  taste 
of  people  for  true  art;  the  poet  who  writes  a 
really  great  poem,  makes  it  harder  for  all  read- 
ers of  the  poem  to  enjoy  so-called  poetry  that 
is  not  good;  so,  in  every  line  of  work,  the  per- 
son who  is  doing  his  work  well  is  raising  the 
standard  of  the  world  and  is  making  it  harder 
for  poor  work  to  secure  acceptance  or  recogni- 
tion. Such  persons  are  true  reformers:  they 
are  driving  out  devils  by  creating  angels;  the 
angels  occupy  the  abodes  of  the  devils,  and  the 
devils  are  powerless  to  return. 

But  while  this  slow  selective  process  is  going 
on,  while  the  effect  of  good  example  is  making 
itself  felt,  it  is  easy  to  see  the  necessity  of  re- 
straint in  many  cases :  absolute  tolerance  would 
not  be  wise;  for  instance,  if  absolute  tolerance 
were  observed,  a  fool  who  took  pleasure  in  arson 

might  in  one  day  destroy  property  that  tens 
a 


162 


Jonathan  Upglade 

of  thousands  of  good  people  had  worked  a  hun- 
dred years  to  accumulate. 

So  it  is  necessary  to  have  another  class  of  re- 
formers, people  who  work  largely  in  a  direct 
way;  these  people,  while  they  may  encourage 
many  things,  seek  to  suppress  or  restrain  cer- 
tain things;  these  are  the  people  commonly 
looked  upon  as  reformers.  The  work  for  them 
to  do  is  enormous,  and  it  needs  the  aid  of  the 
greatest  minds  in  the  world. 

But  the  reformers  of  this  latter  class  should 
always  guard  against  becoming  fanatics,  and 
should  bear  in  mind  that  each  individual  is 
working  out  the  problems  of  life  in  his  own 
way:  in  many  cases,  the  only  way  to  convince 
a  person  that  his  actions  are  unwise  is  to  let 
him  perform  the  actions  and  see  what  the  re- 
sults will  be;  in  other  cases,  by  appealing  to  a 
man's  reason  we  can  convince  him  of  the  fool- 
ishness of  his  ways. 

Still,  in  many  cases  it  is  not  expedient  or 
right  to  let  a  man  follow  his  course  till  his 
reason  is  convinced  of  the  folly  of  it.  In  many 
cases,  restraint  is  necessary.  Whether  or  not  a 
person  under  no  obligation  to  support  others, 
should  be  allowed  to  maltreat  himself  to  the 
extent  of  destroying  himself,  is  a  question  I 


163 


Uplift  Societies 

shall  not  attempt  to  answer.  But  when  the 
unwise  actions  of  a  person  directly  or  indirectly 
work  serious  harm  to  other  beings,  it  seems  to 
me  clear  that  toleration  should  end  and  re- 
straint begin. 

In  view  of  the  remarks  I  have  made  on  tol- 
eration, am  I  consistent  when  I  advocate  the 
boycotting  of  certain  newspapers,  magazines, 
stores,  theatres,  universities,  and  so  forth?  It 
seems  to  me  that  I  am.  If  a  man  walks  up  the 
street  and  attempts  to  shoot  people,  he  should 
be  restrained ;  if  a  man  goes  about  with  a  pack- 
age of  poison  and  attempts  to  drop  doses  in 
people's  wells,  he  should  be  restrained;  if  a 
man  attempts  to  present  to  the  public  an  im- 
moral thing,  he  should  be  restrained;  and  if  a 
man  attempts  to  torture  an  animal,  he  should 
be  restrained. 


IF  I  HAD  A  GREAT  FORTUNE 

Who  has  not  imagined  what  he  would  do  if 
he  should  become  very  rich?  It  is  a  common 
thing  for  people  to  build  such  castles  in  the 
air,  and  the  altruistic  spirit  is  so  common  that 
many  in  their  imaginings  plan  how  they  would 
use  a  large  part  of  their  fortune  for  philan- 
thropic purposes. 

The  average  person  who  came  into  possession 
of  a  great  fortune  and  who  tried  to  do  a  great 
good  with  it,  might  very  likely,  in  reality,  do 
a  great  harm  with  it.  It  is  hard  to  give  with- 
out encouraging  the  spirit  of  pauperism  and 
doing  other  harm,  so  it  takes  a  wise  person  to 
be  an  efficient  philanthropist. 

I  suppose  most  people  will  agree  that  great 
wealth  in  the  hands  of  most  others  would  be 
dangerous,  but  that  in  their  own  hands  it  could 
hardly  fail  of  being  a  blessing. 

I  shall  state  frankly  that  I,  for  one,  believe 
myself  capable  of  giving  a  great  fortune  to  the 


Jonathan  Upglade 

benefit  of  the  world.  I  shall  state  what  my 
method  of  giving  it  would  be,  and  then  you 
can  draw  your  own  conclusions  as  to  whether 
my  plan  is  good  or  not.  I  say  I  shall  state  my 
method  of  giving  a  fortune;  I  mean,  rather, 
that  I  shall  state  how  I  would  invest  a  fortune 
in  a  great  philanthropic  enterprise.  The  for- 
tune might  be  spent,  or  it  might  be  preserved 
or  increased;  if  it  was  preserved  or  increased, 
I  should  try  to  give  it  wisely  later. 

That  I  might  work  on  a  large  scale,  let  me 
have  a  fortune  of  five  millions  of  dollars.  In 
my  attempt  to  use  this  fortune  wisely,  I  should 
establish  a  great  monthly  magazine;  and  this 
magazine  I  should  keep  up  to  a  very  high 
standard  indeed.  I  should  be  glad  to  establish 
a  great  daily  newspaper,  and  might  do  so  later ; 
this  newspaper  I  should  keep  up  to  the  same 
high  standard  as  the  magazine. 

It  is  hard,  if  not  impossible,  to  realize  the 
enormous  influence  that  newspapers  and  maga- 
zines have.  Think  of  the  millions  of  homes 
into  which  they  come,  and  of  the  millions  and 
millions  of  people  who  read  them  and  look  upon 
their  illustrations.  They  are  a  mighty  power, 
helping  to  form  the  characters  of  people  all 
over  the  world.  If  they  are  bad,  they  tend  to 


167 


If  I  Had  a  Great  Fortune 

drag  most  people  down ;  if  they  are  good,  they 
help  to  elevate  all  who  see  them. 

While  I  have  a  pretty  clear  idea  of  how  I 
should  conduct  my  magazine,  there  are  many 
points  upon  which  I  am  ignorant  and  besides 
this  I  could  of  course  do  only  a  small  part  of 
the  work  if  I  understood  it  ever  so  well.  So 
I  should  first  gather  around  me  a  corps  of  effi- 
cient people,  people  skilled  in  the  various 
branches  of  magazine  publication.  I  should  pay 
high  salaries,  this  of  course  being  one  of  the 
chief  means  of  securing  and  retaining  efficient 
employees.  I  should  ask  the  advice  of  my  em- 
ployees on  many  points,  and  probably  should 
follow  much  of  the  advice  secured.  Of  course 
I  should  make  mistakes,  especially  at  first. 

As  to  the  front  cover  of  my  magazine,  I  have 
not  decided  whether  I  should  have  a  permanent 
one  or  a  new  one  each  month.  In  either  case 
it  would  bear  no  senseless  designs  or  anything 
even  hinting  at  vulgarity.  Perhaps  it  would 
bear  a  beautiful  landscape,  or  a  beautiful, 
noble  face;  perhaps  it  would  bear  the  faces  of 
great  people,  beginning  with  people  of  ancient 
times. 

The  inside  of  the  front  cover  would  bear  the 
name  of  the  magazine,  the  place  of  publica- 
tion, the  price,  and  so  forth. 


168 


Jonathan  Upglade 

The  first  page  would  bear  the  table  of  con- 
tents. 

On  the  second  page  I  should  print  each  time 
a  statement  something  like  the  following: — 


To  the  Reader: 

I  am  publishing  this  magazine  for  the  good 
of  the  world  and  not  for  mercenary  ends.  I 
am  admitting  no  picture  or  article  that  I  con- 
sider objectionable;  I  am  advertising  nothing 
that  I  do  not  believe  a  beneficial  object  worth 
the  price  asked ;  I  am  striving  to  have  the  maga- 
zine pure  and  elevating  in  all  ways.  If  any- 
thing obscene  or  vulgar  or  evil  in  any  other 
way  is  printed,  it  is  my  earnest  wish  that  you 
inform  me  of  it.  All  suggestions  will  receive 
my  careful  personal  attention  or  that  of  com- 
petent assistants,  and  will  receive  the  considera- 
tion they  seem  to  deserve.  If  any  evil  picture 
or  article  should  creep  into  this  magazine,  or 
if  any  unworthy  thing  should  be  advertised,  be 
assured  that  it  is  by  some  shortcoming  of  my 
employees,  or  by  some  mistake,  and  that  I  shall 
be  thankful  to  have  my  attention  called  to  it. 
Sincerely, 

JONATHAN  UPGLADE. 


169 

If  I  Had  a  Great  Fortune 

On  the  third  page  I  should  begin  printing 
the  regular  reading-matter  of  the  magazine. 

I  should  have  no  advertisements  in  the  front 
of  the  magazine:  they  would  be  confined  to  the 
back  and  would  begin  on  a  right-hand  page; 
the  left-hand  page  opposite  it  would  be  blank 
or  bear  some  simple  design.  Thus  the  regular 
reading-matter  would  be  definitely  separated 
from  the  advertisements;  it  is  unpleasant  for 
a  refined  person  to  see  reading-matter  and  ad- 
vertisements side  by  side. 

The  contents  of  my  magazine  would  present 
a  great  variety;  there  would  be  poetry,  prose, 
illustrations,  and  probably  maps.  I  should  try 
to  secure  material  from  the  best  writers  of  the 
day,  and  should  engage  some  of  the  writers  to 
furnish  material  regularly  for  certain  depart- 
ments. I  should  employ  some  great  artists  and 
writers  to  travel  thru  various  parts  of  the  earth, 
and  secure  pictures  and  write  of  their  travels; 
I  should  have  my  artists  take  many  pictures 
of  beautiful  mountains  and  other  natural  scen- 
ery. I  should  use  short  stories  and  continued 
stories.  Probably  I  should  republish  many 
stories  written  long  ago;  these  stories  would  be 
new  to  most  readers,  and  certainly  many  of 
them  are  very  much  superior  to  the  average 


170 


Jonathan  Upglade 

story  that  is  written  nowadays.  As  I  remember 
them,  I  should  be  glad  to  republish  such  stories 
as  Dr.  Holland's  "Arthur  Bonnicastle"  and 
"Nicholas  Minturn",  and  also  such  stories  for 
young  people  as  "The  Boy  Emigrants",  by 
Noah  Brooks,  and  "The  Young  Surveyor"  and 
"Fast  Friends",  by  J.  T.  Trowbridge.  Each 
number  would  contain  part  of  a  continued  story 
for  children,  and  perhaps  one  or  more  short 
stories  or  poems  for  them.  I  think  much  or  all 
of  the  poetry  I  used  in  the  magazine  would  be 
classic ;  it  is  likely  that  I  should  have  the  poetry 
on  a  page  by  itself,  and  that  poems  of  only 
one  writer  would  appear  each  month.  At  least 
one  page  each  month  would  be  devoted  to  arti- 
cles and  illustrations  regarding  cruelty  to  ani- 
mals; I  should  make  a  special  effort  in  helping 
to  abolish  vivisection,  this  being  one  of  my  chief 
reasons  for  publishing  the  magazine.  One  de- 
partment of  the  magazine  would  expose  harm- 
ful patent  medicines  and  other  harmful  things. 
Among  other  departments,  I  should  have  a 
cooking  department,  a  department  of  sugges- 
tions regarding  houses  and  grounds,  one  relat- 
ing to  sensible  modes  of  dress,  and  one  relating 
to  various  social  problems. 

My  magazine  would  contain  much  that  would 


171 

If  I  Had  a  Great  Fortune 

interest  the  most  highly  educated,  still  I  should 
have  a  large  proportion  of  the  matter  of  such 
a  nature  and  presented  in  such  a  way  as  to  be 
intelligible  and  interesting  to  the  great  mass 
of  people. 

I  should  have  the  advertisements  arranged 
according  to  some  system;  probably  an  alpha- 
betical arrangement,  enabling  readers  to  find 
any  object  quickly,  would  be  best.  I  should  se- 
cure the  services  of  skilled  chemists,  physicians, 
and  others  in  order  to  determine  whether  or 
not  objects  were  worthy  of  being  advertised. 
If  I  advertised  any  patent  medicines,  I  should 
insist  upon  printing  the  formula  of  each  one. 
I  should  advertise  no  corsets  unless  they  were 
some  sensible  kind  that  did  not  injure  the 
health;  certainly  I  should  print  no  pictures  of 
distorted  women,  such  as  now  appear  in  corset 
advertisements  in  many  magazines.  My  adver- 
tising rates  would  be  high ;  the  simple  fact  that 
anything  was  advertised  in  my  magazine  would 
soon  be  considered  a  guarantee  of  its  worth. 

The  outside  of  the  back  cover  of  my  maga- 
zine would  not  bear  advertisements,  but  a  beau- 
tiful picture — probably  a  landscape.  The  pic- 
tures on  both  front  and  back  covers  would  be 
suitable  for  framing. 


172 


Jonathan  Upglade 

Probably  my  magazine  could  be  published  at 
first  only  at  an  expense  much  greater  than  the 
income.  However,  I  believe  that  people  would 
soon  appreciate  it  to  such  an  extent  as  to  give 
it  a  financial  support  that  would  make  it  at 
least  self-supporting.  If  my  magazine  were  pub- 
lished at  a  financial  loss,  I  should  continue  it 
as  long  as  my  fortune  lasted;  if  I  could 
make  it  self-supporting,  I  should  continue 
it  indefinitely.  I  should  charge  a  fair  price, 
provided  I  could  do  so  and  keep  the  cir- 
culation large  enough;  one  reason  for  charging 
a  fair  price  being  that  I  should  not  wish  to 
discourage  others  who  wished  to  publish  worthy 
magazines  and  who  were  obliged  to  make  them 
financial  successes,  and  another  reason  being 
that  subscribers  would  be  better  off  if  they  felt 
they  were  paying  an  equivalent  than  if  they 
felt  they  were  taking  it  partly  as  a  gift. 

"Yes",  says  the  average  editor,  "it  is  all 
very  fine  for  you  to  talk  about  your  ideal  maga- 
zine; you  have  a  fortune  to  give  away,  and 
there  is  no  need  of  your  printing  questionable 
advertisements  and  pictures,  and  doing  other 
questionable  things.  Now  suppose  that  in  this 
world  of  keen  competition,  where  publications 
are  failing  on  every  hand,  you  had  to  make 


173 


If  I  Had  a  Great  Fortune 

your  magazine  pay  all  business  expenses  and 
support  yourself  and  your  family  besides.  Then 
what  would  you  do?" 

Mr.  Editor,  that  question  is  quickly  and 
easily  answered :  If  I  could  not  keep  my  maga- 
zine up  to  the  proper  standard  and  make  it 
pay  financially,  I  would  suspend  publication. 
I  would  go  into  some  respectable  profession,  or 
learn  some  trade,  or  dig  in  the  streets.  And  if 
I  were  incapable  of  supporting  myself  and 
family  by  some  such  respectable  means,  I  would 
take  my  family  and  go  to  the  poor-house.  It 
would  be  much  better  for  the  public  to  support 
us  in  the  poor-house,  than  to  have  us  out  of  it, 
living  upon  the  proceeds  of  a  low  magazine. 


VIVISECTION 

He  who  is  not  actively  kind  is  cruel. 

Euskin. 

As  to  their  attitudes  toward  vivisection,  peo- 
ple might  be  divided  into  three  general  classes: 

1st.  Those  who  practice  vivisection  or  at 
least  favor  it. 

2nd.    /Those  who  oppose  it. 

3rd.  Those  who  are  indifferent  or  ignorant 
in  regard  to  it. 

Of  those  who  practice  or  favor  vivisection, 
probably  many  may  be  trusted  not  to  inflict  or 
to  favor  what  they  believe  to  be  acute  suffer- 
ing; there  are  others  so  unsympathetic,  hard- 
hearted, and  perverted  that  no  animal  can 
safely  be  intrusted  to  them  for  any  purpose. 

Of  those  who  oppose  vivisection,  probably 
some  are  unscrupulous  fanatics  whose  exaggera- 
tions and  general  unfair  actions  tend  to  injure 
the  cause  of  'antivivisection ;  there  are  others, 


176 


Jonathan  Upglade 

and  I  think  I  may  say  they  constitute  the  great 
majority  of  antivivisectionists,  who  are  trying 
fairly  and  intelligently  to  abolish  or  restrict 
what  seems  to  them  a  terrible  evil. 

Concerning  those  persons  who  are  ignorant 
or  indifferent,  it  is  high  time  that  each  one 
should  have  the  situation  explained  to  him  or 
should  have  his  selfish  indifference  rebuked. 

If  vivisectors  could  show  that  by  causing  cer- 
tain pain  they  could  prevent  greater  pain,  then 
they  would  justify  themselves.  But,  in  the  case 
at  least  of  dumb  animals,  this  can  not  be  shown ; 
we  have  no  means  of  knowing  what  degree  of 
pain  one  of  these  animals  is  suffering.  If  vivi- 
section must  be  practiced,  it  should  be  done  on 
intelligent  human  beings  who  could  speak  when 
the  pain  became  too  great  and  could  order  the 
experiments  stopped. 

Even  if  vivisectors  could  show  that  they  have 
done  so  much  good  that  vivisection  should  not 
be  entirely  abolished,  they  could  not  reasonably 
claim  that  it  should  not  be  most  strictly  regu- 
lated. For  it  can  be  proved  that  brutal,  per- 
verted persons  have  practiced  vivisection  and 
have  done  things  nothing  short  of  devilish. 

Without  further  delay,  the  whole  subject 
should  be  presented  to  the  whole  people.  Bills 


177 

Vivisection 

prohibiting  vivisection  should  be  framed  and 
voted  upon. 

If  these  bills  should  become  laws,  the  laws 
should  be  strictly  enforced.  A  large  enough 
force  of  detectives  should  be  employed  to  insure 
the  discovery  of  violators ;  some  of  these  detect- 
ives should  be  employed  by  the  civil  authorities, 
and  some  by  the  humane  societies.  Violators 
should  be  severely  punished  by  the  authorities, 
and  lax  officials  fully  exposed  by  the  humane 
publications. 

If  the  people  should  vote  to  continue  to  allow 
vivisection,  then  the  antivivisectionists  ought  to 
take  this  stand: — They  should  use  every  fair 
means  to  secure  laws  to  regulate  vivisection. 
They  would  have  a  right  to  demand  that  no 
brutal  or  perverted  person  should  practice  vivi- 
section at  all;  they  would  have  a  right  to  de- 
mand that  no  extreme  pain  be  inflicted  on  any 
animal;  they  would  have  a  right  to  demand 
publicity  in  all  experiments. 

If  publicity  was  insisted  upon,  it  certainly 
would  prevent  much  of  the  worst  cruelty.  And 
why  should  any  honest  vivisector  object  to  pub- 
licity? A  man  cruel  enough  to  abuse  an  ani- 
mal, can  not  be  trusted  to  obey  a  law  if  he 
thinks  his  actions  never  will  be  known.  The 


178 


Jonathan  Upglade 

very  fact  that  a  vivisector  objected  to  pub- 
licity, certainly  would  be  enough  to  arouse 
grave  suspicion.  Doubtless,  publicity  would 
make  possible  some  foolish  interruptions  and 
criticisms,  but  these  bad  effects  would  be 
greatly  outweighed  by  the  good  ones. 

Honest  vivisectors  ought  to  welcome  laws  that 
demand  publicity;  much  suspicion  and  unjust 
criticism  might  be  avoided  by  such  laws. 

Following  are  some  suggestions  to  persons 
framing  laws  restricting  vivisection: — 

No  person  should  be  allowed  to  practice  vivi- 
section without  a  license. 

No  person  should  be  allowed  to  practice  vivi- 
section except  in  certain  laboratories  of  certain 
buildings,  the  exact  locations  of  which  were  to 
be  registered  and  published  in  such  a  manner 
that  any  person  could  easily  learn  where  they 
were. 

The  buildings  and  the  laboratories  in  these 
buildings  should  be  kept  open  at  all  hours  of 
the  day  and  night  every  day  and  night  in  the 
year.  Or  if  the  license  should  permit  the  prac- 
tice only  at  certain  hours  of  certain  days,  the 
buildings  and  laboratories  should  be  kept  open 
at  these  times. 

In  short,  the  practice  should  be  made  illegal 


179 

Vivisection 

in  every  case  where  the  experiments  were  not 
strictly  open  to  the  public. 

Strict  requirements,  as  the  keeping  of  rec- 
ords, the  use  of  anassthetics,  and  so  forth,  should 
be  made  by  the  laws. 

The  use  of  curare  should  be  prohibited. 

The  penalty  for  violation  of  the  laws  should 
be  very  severe.  Imprisonment  for  ten  years 
would  be  none  too  much.  Noted  physicians  and 
professors  should  be  just  as  severely  dealt  with 
as  others. 

Any  person  convicted,  should  never  again  be 
granted  a  license. 

The  foregoing  points  and  many  others  should 
be  considered  in  framing  bills. 

Representatives  of  the  humane  societies 
should  keep  close  watch  of  the  experiments 
made  at  the  various  places,  and  prosecute  all 
persons  guilty  of  cruelty.  A  force  of  really 
good  detectives  could  bring  so  many  violators 
to  justice  that  the  practice  could  be  largely 
regulated. 

The  people  of  every  state  in  the  United  States 
and  of  every  country  in  the  world  should,  with- 
out another  month's  delay,  rise  against  the  ter- 
rible practice  of  vivisection.  Bills  should  be 
framed  and  introduced  at  once. 


180 


Jonathan  Upglade 

Where  it  is  possible,  abolish  the  practice. 
Where  it  is  not  possible  to  abolish  it,  regulate 
it  as  well  as  possible  till  it  can  be  abolished. 

No  student  should  attend  an  institution  that 
allows  vivisection.  No  person  should  make  gifts 
to  an  institution  that  allows  vivisection. 

Each  humane  person  should  do  all  in  his 
power  to  enlighten  those  ignorant  of  the  prac- 
tice and  to  arouse  from  their  selfish  apathy 
those  who  know  of  the  practice  and  are  not 
active  in  opposing  it. 

I  shall  now  read  you  an  address  delivered  by 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps  Ward  at  the  hear- 
ing before  the  Committee  on  Probate  and  Chan- 
cery on  the  bill  "Further  to  Prevent  Cruelty  to 
Animals  in  Massachusetts".  March  16,  1903. 

"Mr.  Chairman,  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Committee; 
The  nineteenth  century,  which  has  given  us  cold  mate- 
rial discoveries  enough  to  turn  the  brain  and  chill  the 
heart,  was  not  a  century  strong  in  spiritual  forces,  or 
distinguished  for  high  spiritual  breeding.  But  it  has 
been  said  that  we  owe  to  it  one  fine  and  noble  thing — 
that  idea  of  humanity  which  finds  expression  in  hu- 
mane laws. 

"Down  to  a  little  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago, 
suffering  was  regarded  with  incredible  unconcern.  The 
law  took  indifferent  cognizance  of  it  as  a  factor  in  the 
creation  of  codes.  I  once  heard  a  distinguished  jurist 
say  that  he  believed  in  religion,  with  modern  improve- 
ments. We  may  call  consideration  for  pain  one  of  the 
modern  improvements  of  the  law. 

"No  legislative  committee  can  be  fitted  to  consider 
the  tremendous  subject  which  we  bring,  gentlemen,  to 


SZBREffi 


181 


Vivisection 

your  attention,  without  remembering  these  things: — 
First,  every  human  effort  to  denounce  or  destroy  ac- 
cepted forms  of  human  cruelty  has  forced  itself  upon 
society  with  difficulty;  and  second,  Every  form  of 
human  cruelty  has  commanded  eminent  and  powerful 
defenders. 

"When  John  Howard  found  prison  windows  blocked 
up,  because  glass  was  taxable;  when  he  stumbled,  in  a 
dungeon  whose  doors  had  not  been  opened  for  five 
weeks,  upon  human  beings  without  air,  without  light, 
and  trapped  into  a  tomb  too  low  to  permit  them  to 
stand, — who  cared?  At  first,  only  John  Howard.  In 
the  prison  of  Ely,  which  was  old  and  insecure,  he 
found  prisoners  chained  to  the  floor,  to  save  expense 
of  repairs.  This  prison  (such  was  the  fashion  of  the 
time)  was  the  property  of  the  Bishop  of  that  diocese. 
When  this  man  of  God  was  appealed  to,  that  he  might 
repair  the  bars  and  bolts,  and  hence  unchain  the  pris- 
oners, he  refused. 

' '  The  monstrous  abuses  of  the  penal  system,  with 
whose  horrors  Howard  made  England  ring,  were  not 
removed  in  a  year,  nor  in  ten.  Many  of  them  lasted 
until  the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  Newgate 
was  not  torn  down  until  this  year. 

' '  The  burning  brain,  the  blazing  heart  which  Heaven 
gives  to  great  reformers, — great  fanatics,  if  you  will, — 
fired  with  God's  pity,  has  always  been  as  solitary  as 
it  is  volcanic.  The  forerunner  of  the  modern  science 
of  public  punishment,  which  every  one  of  us  takes  as 
a  matter  of  course  to-day,  found  the  whole  current  of 
society  against  him.  He  had  to  convince  the  people,  to 
embarrass  the  church,  to  compel  the  law.  People, 
church,  and  laws  did  not  run  to  him  to  be  shamed  into 
the  elements  of  Christian  mercy. 

"At  the  beginning  of  this  century,  in  England,  we 
are  told  that  'almost  anybody'  could  get  a  license  to 
keep  what  was  called  a  mad-house.  The  insane  were 
put  in  cages  like  wild  beasts.  For  the  amusement  of 
visitors  they  were  mocked  and  excited  to  rage, — as  a 
boy  may  taunt  a  lion  in  the  Zoo.  They  were  kept  in 
the  dark,  they  slept  on  straw,  they  vrere  half  covered, 
they  were  half  frozen,  they  were  exposed  to  every  bru- 
tality and  insult  liable  to  be  offered  by  irresponsible 
of  course,  and  abandoned  by  the  conscience  of  society 


182 


Jonathan  Upglade 


and  savage  keepers.  They  were  chained  as  a  matter 
as  a  matter  of  fact.  Yet  who  cared?  In  1828,  only 
Lord  Shaftesbury.  Becoming  one  of  the  Commission- 
ers of  Lunacy,  he  did  not  do  the  usual  thing;  he  did 
not  take  abuses  for  granted,  and  accepted  methods  for 
the  right  ones.  He  observed,  he  judged,  he  acted  like 
an  individual  soul.  Neither  principalities,  nor  powers, 
nor  politics  deterred  him.  He  was  afraid  of  nothing, 
except  of  not  helping  the  helpless.  He  saw  lunatics 
habitually  chained  to  their  beds  from  Saturday  night 
to  Monday  morning,  with  bread  and  water — nothing 
else — within  reach.  He  saw  the  violent  and  the  gentle, 
the  clean  and  the  foul,  shut  in  together,  in  cells  too 
horrible  to  be  described.  It  has  been  said  of  him  that 
he  was  'so  horrified  by  the  misery  and  cruelty  which 
he  had  discovered,'  that  he  vowed  'he  would  never 
cease  pleading  the  cause'  of  these  victims  of  human 
oppression  until  the  laws  of  England  were  forced  to 
their  relief,  and  that  he  kept  his  vow.  Did  the  men 
who  believe  in  letting  things  be  as  they  are  help  the 
young  philanthropist?  Did  the  'people  of  importance' 
run  to  overthrow  the  abuses  against  which  he  was  tug- 
ging? Did  the  doctors  and  students  of  mental  science 
crowd  to  right  the  wrongs  which  he  denounced? 

"The  physician-in-chief  to  Bethlehem  Hospital  in 
London — than  whom  no  man  might  have  been  thought 
better  fitted  to  give  an  expert  opinion  on  the  care  of 
the  mentally  deranged — testified  before  the  committee 
of  his  country's  Parliament,  that,  in  a  hospital  for 
the  insane,  '  it  was  impossible  to  have  enough  servants 
to  watch  a  great  number  of  patients,  without  the  use 
of  irons. ' 

"A  scholarly  physician1  of  our  own  land  (to  whom, 
let  me  say,  I  am  indebted  for  so  able  a  presentation 
of  these  facts  in  their  relation  to  this  subject  that  T 
could  not  hope  to  improve  upon  it,  and  have  therefore 
obtained  permission  to  make  use  of  it)  has  written: 
'Enter  any  asylum  of  to-day  in  America  or  Europe, 
and  you  will  find  in  the  present  treatment  of  the  in- 
sane how  utterly  worthless  may  be  the  opinion  of  a 
scientific  man  .  .  .  when  he  attempts  to  justify  a 
cruelty,  or  seeks  to  perpetuate  and  uphold  an  abuse.' 

"A  century  and  a  quarter  ago  the  African  slave 
trade  was  the  proper  thing.  Dante  portrayed  no 


183 

Vivisection 

blacker  Inferno  than  the  agonies  of  the  slave-ship. 
{Vilberf orce  said,  '  So  much  misery  condensed  into  so  lit- 
tle room,  the  imagination  can  never  conceive.'  Human 
beings  newly  captured  from  the  freedom  of  the  Afri- 
can forests  were  ironed  below  deck,  in  spaces  four 
feet  high;  they  were  packed  so  that  at  night  they 
could  not  turn  from  side  to  side.*  A  witness  before 
the  Parliamentary  Committee  testified,  'They  had  not 
so  much  room  as  a  man  has  in  his  coffin.'  There  were 
deaths  from  suffocation  almost  every  night.  In  the 
morning  the  living  and  the  dead  were  found  shackled 
together.  Suicide  among  these  wretched  beings  was 
common.  If  a  woman  refused  to  speak  or  eat,  she 
could  be  tortured  to  death.  No  law  prevented  and  no 
man  cared. 

"In  1783  the  captain  of  a  slave-ship  threw  132  liv- 
ing men  and  women  into  the  sea,  because  there  was 
an  epidemic  aboard,  and  if  the  slaves  died,  the  loss 
would  fall  upon  the  owner;  if  the  cargo  were  light- 
ened, then  the  loss  would  come  upon  the  underwriters. 
Did  the  conscience  of  England  cry  out?  Did  the  lead- 
ers of  society  and  politics  clamor  for  the  destruction 
of  the  slave-tradef 

"Witness  upon  witness  before  the  Parliamentary 
Committee  testified  to  the  blessed  condition  of  the 
African  slaves.  An  eminent  admiral  swore  that  when 
he  was  a  midshipman  he  envied  them,  and  often  wished 
himself  in  the  same  condition.  A  Lord  Somebody,  who 
had  lived  in  Jamaica  three  years,  'never  saw  an  in- 
stance of  cruelty.' 

"To  right  these  monstrous  wrongs,  who  cared?  First, 
most,  and  always,  Wilberforce.  Who  sprang  to  his 
help?  Did  the  established  order  of  things  reinforce 
him?  Did  the  eminent  and  powerful,  the  proud  and 
the  protected,  crowd  to  aid  him? 

"John  Wesley  wrote  to  him  from  his  death-bed: 
'Unless  God  has  raised  you  up  for  this  very  thing,  you 
will  be  worn  out  by  the  opposition  of  men  and  devils; 
but  if  God  be  for  you,  who  can  be  against  you?' 

' '  When  humanity  and  cruelty  are  at  odds,  I  ask 
you  to  remember  that  humanity  is  predestined  to  win. 
This  is  the  axiom  of  history.  The  practice  of  vivisec- 
tion belongs  to  the  dynasty  of  cruelty.  It  has  inher- 
ited the  abusive  instincts.  It  will  rank  in  the  judgment 


184 


Jonathan  Upglade 


of  mankind  among  the  brutal  customs,  and,  like  other 
brutal  customs,  it  must  come  under  the  control  of  the 
repressive  laws. 

"The  unregulated  practice  of  vivisection  stands  now 
where  its  predecessors  in  moral  error  have  stood  be- 
fore it.  It  cannot  be  treated  as  an  isolated  instance. 

"That  the  current  of  thought  to-day  is  setting  pow- 
erfully in  the  direction  of  sympathy  for  dumb  animals, 
all  of  us  who  think  have  discovered.  Never  has  litera- 
ture been  so  alive  with  it.  Never  has  the  press  been 
so  alert  with  it.  Never  has  philanthropy  so  quivered 
with  it.  Never  has  popular  interest  so  leaned  to  it. 
The  bill  which  we  bring  before  you  is  one  of  the  nat- 
ural, one  of  the  inevitable  products  of  the  time. 

"Against  the  spirit  of  the  day  one  class  of  men 
alone  stands  out.  While  Senator  Hoar  inspires  legis- 
lation for  the  protection  of  birds;  while  Senator  Gal- 
linger  introduces  into  Congress  a  bill  for  the  restric- 
tion of  vivisection;  while  our  humane  societies  are  or- 
ganizing children  in  the  public  schools  to  train  them 
in  habits  of  mercy  to  animals;  while  we  arrest  a  team- 
ster for  beating,  or  cabmen  for  overdriving;  while  the 
laws  of  the  Commonwealth  forbid  docking  the  tail  of  a 
horse,  and  national  inspectors  are  prosecuted  for  merci- 
less methods  of  slaughtering  sick  cattle,  one  class  of 
men  defies  this  strong  current  of  humanity  to  the 
dumb  and  defenceless. 

"While  some  of  the  most  eminent  representatives  of 
the  church,  of  the  bar,  of  medicine,  of  public  life,  of 
letters,  have  lent  their  influence  to  the  great  moral 
movement  for  which  this  bill  stands,  the  offenders 
against  whom  it  is  aimed  remonstrate  with  the  bitter- 
ness of  a  doomed  cause. 

"Governor  Claflin,  Governor  Brackett,  Governor 
Boutwell  are  your  petitioners.  The  honored  name  of 
Governor  John  D.  Long  stands  in  their  company. 
Tour  congressmen,  Hon.  Samuel  L.  Powers  and  Hon. 
Frederick  H.  Gillett,  have  carefully  thought  before  they 
spoke  to  ask  your  attention  to  this  matter;  the  major- 
ity of  your  congressmen  have  in  fact  signed  this  peti- 
tion. The  President  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the 
former  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  leading  mem- 
bers of  the  bar,  the  eminent  clergymen  of  every  im- 
portant religious  sect  in  the  Commonwealth,  our  men 


186 


Vivisection 

and  women  of  letters  and  of  philanthropy, — are  your 
petitioners.  Last  year  800  Massachusetts  physicians 
signed  the  petition  for  a  similar  bill.  Who  are  your 
remonstrants?  Professional  vivisectors, — men  who  are 
ex-officio  expected  to  defend  their  avocations  and  their 
institutions,  and  the  friends  and  colleagues  of  these 
men. 

"I  remember  once  reading  of  a  thief  who  said  of 
the  honest  classes  of  society, — 'They  go  in  gangs — 
just  like  us.'  Of  no  class  is  it  so  true  as  of  the  aca- 
demic, that  they  'go  in  gangs.'  Their  esprit  de  corps 
is  as  over-developed  as  their  progressive  instinct  is 
deficient.  It  is  this  class  spirit,  it  is  this  prejudice, 
which  is  contending  against  your  petitioners, — and 
which,  we  wish  you  to  remember,  contends  as  a  mat- 
ter of  course. 

"You  cannot  too  often  remind  yourself  that  vivisec- 
tion is  a  scientific  fad — a  physiological  fashion — and 
that  these  men  follow  the  fashion  because  it  is  a 
fashion,  and  cherish  the  fad  because  it  is  a  fad. 

"The  truth  has  outrun  them — that  is  all.  The  wings 
in  the  feet  of  progress  are  too  swift  for  them.  They 
stand  where  all  the  obstructionists  of  history  have 
stood.  They  stand  where  remonstrants  to  reducing  the 
horrors  of  child  labor  in  factories  stood,  when  the 
pauper  children  in  England  were  packed  off  like  calves 
or  lambs,  to  be  worked  from  five  in  the  morning  till 
after  seven  at  night;  if  the  little  things  dropped  from 
exhaustion  or  sleepiness,  a  brutal  overseer  could  flog 
or  abuse  them  at  his  pleasure.  No  law  prevented,  and 
no  man  cared.  Men  more  eminent  than  these  remon- 
strants to  the  regulation  of  vivisection  by  law  remon- 
strated against  the  regulation  by  law  of  child  labor 
in  the  factories  of  Great  Britain.  JCobden  and  Bright 
made  bitter  speeches  to  defeat  the  movement.  But 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  sang, — 

"  'The   child's   sob  in   the  darkness   curses   deeper 
Than  the  strong  man  in  his  wrath.' 

"And  the  Christ  of  human  progress  took  the  factory 
child  into  his  arms,  and  protected  it. 

"Yes,  and  to-day  there  are  thousands  of  us  who 
read  one  of  the  greatest  of  English  poems  in  a  pa- 
thetic paraphrase, — 


186 


Jonathan  Upglade 


' '  '  But  the  dog 's  moan  in  the  darkness  curses  deeper 
Than  the  wise  man  in  his  wrath." 

"Gentlemen,  we  bring  to  you  one  of  the  youngest 
of  the  great  moral  crusades.  It  is  not  to  be  expected 
that  it  should  be  any  swifter  of  foot  than  its  elders; — 
no  more  fashionable,  no  more  comfortable.  The  cre- 
ators and  upholders  of  unrestricted  vivisection  will 
fight  for  their  terrible  doctrine  as  long  and  as  bitterly 
as  they  can.  Eemember  that  this  is  a  matter  of  course. 
So  did  Philip  of  Spain;  and  so  did  the  Duke  of  Alva. 

"A  generation  ago,  the  best-bred  gentlemen  in  the 
American  South  vowed  that  human  slavery  was  a  di- 
vine institution,  and  only  a  year  or  two  ago  a  South- 
ern writer  set  to  work  seriously  to  prove  that  none  of 
the  sufferings  of  negro  slaves  as  portrayed  in  'Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin'  ever  existed. 

' '  But  our  brightest,  and  bravest,  and  dearest  gave 
all  they  had  to  give  for  a  great  human  truth, — their 
young  lives.  And  the  great  human  error  died  when 
they  did.  So  perish  every  moral  mistake  which  op- 
presses the  weak,  which  wrongs  the  helpless,  which  in- 
flicts avoidable  pain ! 

' '  In  a  world  already  so  packed  with  woe  that  every 
man  who  owns  a  soul  must  clamor  for  a  chance  to  re- 
lieve suffering,  as  he  would  cry  out  for  his  life,  physi- 
ologists who  arrogate  to  themselves  the  right,  unin- 
spected, unimpeded,  unrebuked,  to  torture  sentient 
creatures  are  out  of  place  in  the  movement  of  civiliza- 
tion; they  are  a  misfit  in  ethics;  they  are  a  misnomer 
in  science;  they  are  a  mortification  to  Christianity. 

"The  history  of  vivisection,  in  a  word,  has  proved 
the  practice  to  be  a  stupendous  moral  blunder.  It 
would  be  easy  to  show  it  to  be  a  scientific  error;  but 
leave  that  to  other  voices,  or  another  hour. 

"Gentlemen,  the  moral  ground  on  which  we  meet 
you  is  more  than  enough!  If  you  stood  on  it  with  us 
awhile,  cordially,  patiently,  attentively,  you  would  no 
more  escape  it  than  a  man  can  escape  a  magnetic 
mountain.  Your  feet  would  be  fastened  to  it  till  they 
burned  like  the  feet  of  those  treading  on  white  coals, 
and  unable  to  stir.  If  you  knew  the  half  of  the  facts 
that  those  of  us  who  have  given  years  of  our  lives  to 
the  study  of  this  horrible  subject  know,  you  would  not 
offer  to  these  petitioners  your  indifferent  selves.  You 


187 


Vivisection 

would  not  read  newspapers,  nor  cut  the  Hearings. 
This  committee-room  would  be  packed.  You  would 
hold  your  breath  with  horror.  You  would  not  go  back 
to  your  comfortable  homes,  and  forget  that  you  are 
here  in  the  name  of  the  Commonwealth,  to  right  one 
of  the  direst  wrongs  of  your  day.  You  would  go  sick 
at  heart,  and  fired  in  brain.  When  you  passed  the 
medical  schools  and  laboratories  and  dens  of  students, 
you  would  wince  as  we  do.  You  would  pause  and  say, 
'What  dumb  thing  with  nerves  as  keen  as  mine  is 
suffering  there?  What  a  subterranean  sea  of  anguish 
rolls  under  my  feet!  Tell  me  what  is  vivisection  that 
I  may  measure  my  responsibilities  upon  this  awful 
subject. ' 

' '  Gentlemen,  we  have  told  the  Legislature  of  Massa- 
chusetts what  vivisection  is.  But  we  might  as  well 
have  told  the  passing  wind  that  is  caught  through  the 
open  window  of  an  empty  room  and  then  let  out  again. 
We  have  come  here  representing  such  a  line  of  peti- 
tioners as,  it  is  said,  has  seldom  been  offered  in  the 
State  House  for  any  cause,  and  these  eminent  men 
and  women  have  received  at  the  hands  of  the  General 
Court  judicial  attention  so  scant,  that,  were  they  not 
in  sacred  earnest  for  a  solemn  matter,  they  would 
hardly  send  us  here  again.  Last  year,  I  personally 
prepared  for  the  Committee  representative  specimens 
of  abuses  of  this  inhuman  practice,  every  one  of  which 
I  had  studiously  and  carefully  verified  to  the  best  of 
my  power.  Among  them  I  offered  documentary  and 
other  evidence  of  abuses  in  Massachusetts.  With  your 
permission,  I  will  put  copies  of  that  evidence  into  your 
hands,  without  taking  time  to  repeat  it  at  these  Hear- 
ings. 

"What  is  vivisection? 

"It  was  once  desired  by  experimenters  to  teat  a  cer- 
tain scientific  hypothesis.  To  do  this  four  thousand 
dogs  were  tortured.  Afterwards,  it  was  found  neces- 
sary to  overset  the  theory,  and  four  thousand  more 
were  sacrificed  to  refute  it. 

"This  is   vivisection. 

"A  reliable  witness  testified  to  this  incident:  'A 
dog  with  its  four  feet  fastened  to  a  table  had  its  skin 
(and  tissues)  ?  cut  and  turned  back  all  along  the  back 
from  the  neck  to  the  tail.  This  was  done  in  such  a 


188 


Jonathan  Upglade 


way  that  the  spinal  column  was  laid  bare,  and  the 
nerve  roots  exposed  so  that  they  could  be  touched  like 
the  strings  of  an  instrument,  with  a  pair  of  forceps. 
To  each  touch  responded  a  cry  of  agony,  like  the  notes 
of  a  violin. '  The  scene  was  so  revolting  '  that  the 
witness  could  not  endure  it  and  left  the  place.' 

' '  This  is  vivisection. 

"It  happened  to  occur  in  Florence;  but  there  is 
nothing  in  the  laws  of  this  State  to  prevent  such  a 
deed  being  done  in  Massachusetts  any  day. 

' '  One  of  the  most  memorable  public  addresses  of  Lord 
Shaftesbury  was  that  in  which  he  told  the  House  of 
Lords  the  now  famous  incident  of  the  dog  who,  un- 
dergoing a  shocking  vivisection  of  the  vertebral  nerves, 
struggled  up  and  put  his  paws  about  the  neck  of  his 
tormentor  and  prayed  for  mercy — anu  how  the  little 
creature  prayed  in  vain. 

"An  English  surgeon  of  high  standing,  who  has  wit- 
nessed many  vivisections  and  performed  some,  has 
lately  told  us  how  he  found  in  a  foreign  laboratory  a 
collie  dog  who  had  been  kept  alive  to  be  tortured  espe- 
cially with  experiments  upon  the  brain.  Parts  of  the 
brain  had  been  removed  from  time  to  time,  thus  affect- 
ing the  intelligence  of  the  poor  animal.  Stupid  with 
mutilation  and  with  suffering,  he  had  ceased  to  show 
signs  of  interest  in  his  surroundings.  The  visitor 
patted  him  and  spoke  to  him  in  English,  saying  'Poor 
fellow! '  It  was  tnought  that  he  had  been  an  English 
dog,  for  he  made  a  piteous  attempt  to  respond  to  his 
native  tongue;  then  lapsed  away  again  into  his  de- 
spair. The  dog  hau  been  a  prisoner  in  that  house  of 
hell  for  two  years. 

••An  American  surgeon  has  published  an  account  of 
his  'experiments'  on  dogs,  and — God  forgive  him!  It 
is  more  than  I  can  do — he  himself  has  told  us  how  he 
treated  them.  He  owns  that  he  crushed  their  bones; 
he  admits  that  he  pulled  out  and  tore  their  nerves; 
he  acknowledges  that  he  poured  boiling  water  into  their 
abdominal  cavities,  scalding  the  intestines;  he  does 
not  deny  that  he  held  a  dog's  paw  over  a  Bunsen 
burner  to  burn  it;  he  offers  instances  of  burning  the 
nose,  intestines,  and  peritoneum ;  he  mentions  '  forcibly 
dragging'  a  dog's  tongue  out  of  its  mouth.  He  says 
that  he  used  anaesthetics.  But  he  admits  occasionally 


Vivisection 

using  morphia  and  curare.  These  are  not  anaesthetics. 
How  long  would  anaesthesia,  even  if  induced,  obliter- 
ate the  sufferings  of  these  victims  f 

"Listen  to  one  or  two  of  this  man's  vivisections  as 
recorded  by  himself: — 

"Exp.  FV.  Collie  terrier.  First.  Paw  crushed  with 
forceps.  Second.  Foot  crushed  extensively.  Third. 
Nerves  of  shoulder  torn  out.  Fourth.  Opposite  paw 
severely  crushed.  Fifth  .  .  .  organs  crushed  .  .  . 
Seventh.  The  abdomen  cut  open.  Eighth.  Some 
nerves  in  the  neck  cut.  Time  of  experiment  not  men- 
tioned. 

"Exp.  X.  Fox  terrier,  three  years  old.  Chest  and 
abdomen  cut  open.  Various  parts  crushed  and  cut. 
Duration,  one  hour  and  twenty-nine  minutes. 

"Exp.  XII.  Retriever.  Cut  open  and  crushed  in 
various  ways.  Duration,  one  hour  and  twenty  minutes. 

"Exp.  XIV.  Mongrel.  Paws  crushed.  Abdomen 
cut  open  and  hot  water  poured  in.  Hind  feet  placed 
in  boiling  water.  Duration,  two  hours. 

"Will  these  do  as  examples  of  American  vivisection! 

"  'God  Almighty,  who  is  just,'  said  William  Penn 
of  a  certain  matter,  'will  judge  you  for  all  these 
things. ' 

' '  There  was  once  a  dog  whose  pathetic  story  the 
history  of  vivisection  will  not  willingly  let  die.  The 
little  creature  was  tied  down  to  the  table,  part  of  the 
intestines  cut  out  and  the  ends  stitched  together;  then 
the  opening  in  the  abdomen  stitched  up,  and  the  dog 
left  upon  the  table  for  the  night.  The  physician  who 
tells  the  story  says,  '  We  know  the  awful  pain  in  ab- 
dominal operations,  even  with  good  nursing.  But  what 
about  nursing  a  dog?'  On  the  second  night  of  its 
agony,  while  the  poor  thing  lay  crying  and  moaning, 
another  dog,  also  a  prisoner  in  that  chamber  of  tor- 
ture, and  waiting  its  turn,  broke  its  fastenings,  and, 
moved  by  a  pity  which  man  had  refused,  came  to  the 
relief  of  i^e  little  victim.  He  gnawed  the  ropes  and 
took  off  the  dressings  of  the  wound,  thinking  that  the 
trouble  must  be  there,  and  dragged  his  mutilated  friend 
around  the  dark  and  deserted  laboratory,  seeking  a 
way  of  escape.  In  the  morning  both  dogs  were  found: 
one  dead;  the  living  watching  beside  him. 


190 


Jonathan  Upglade 


"A  qualified  and  highly  cultivated  physician  who  has 
long  studied  the  subject  has  given  this  definition  of  the 
practice :  '  There  is  not  an  organ  of  the  animal  body, 
not  a  function,  not  a  sensation,  which  has  not  been 
or  is  not  being  investigated  and  experimented  upon  by 
the  physiologist.  Is  it  the  brain?  They  plough  it  with 
red  hot  instruments;  they  picu  and  slice  and  galvanize 
it.  Is  it  the  spinal  cord?  Its  functions  are  minutely 
explored,  and  the  nerves  which  come  from  it  traced 
with  scalpel  and  forceps.  In  the  eyes  are  inserted 
powerful  and  biting  acids,  and  through  their  trans- 
parent media  the  effect  of  painful  inoculations  is 
watched.  .  .  .  Can  the  animal  eat?  It  is  to  be  kept 
alive  without  food,  or  fed  on  grotesque  diets  to  see 
how  long  it  will  take  it  to  starve.  Can  it  drink?  It 
must  be  subjected  to  experiments  with  fluids.  It  has 
blood;  it  must  all  be  removed  and  pumped  in  again, 
that  something  may  be  learned  even  from  that.  It 
breathes;  it  shall  have  poisonous  gases  to  inhale.  Can 
it  perspire?  It  shall  be  varnished  or  covered  with 
wax  to  see  how  long  it  can  live  without  doing  so.  Can 
it  take  cold?  It  shall  be  shaven  clean  and  bathed  with 
ice-water  to  see  how  long  it  will  take  to  contract 
pneumonia.  Can  it  burn?  It  shall  be  baked  alive. 
Can  it  be  scalded?  It  shall  be  boiled  alive.  Freeze! 
It  shall  be  stiffened  to  the  consistency  of  wood.  Is 
there  a  new  disease  discovered  by  the  faculty?  It 
shall  be  compelled  to  contract  it  if  possible,  or  exhibit 
the  reasons  why  it  does  not.  Is  there  a  degree  of 
agony  which  just  stops  short  of  death  and  no  more? 
.  .  .  Nail  by  nail  shall  be  driven  carefully  into  its 
limbs  till  no  more  crucifixion  can  be  borne.' 

"A  well-known  professor  in  a  Massachusetts  medi- 
cal school,  admitted  to  a  reliable  witness  this  winter 
that  he  instructed  his  students  after  they  had  left 
the  college  to  pursue  private,  and  hence  of  course  irre- 
sponsible, vivisection  of  animals  in  order  to  preserve 
manual  dexterity.  'Do  you  mean,'  asked  the  ques- 
tioner, 'that  you  advocate  the  sacrifice  of  an  indefinite 
number  of  animals  to  equip  an  inexperienced  young 
doctor  for  a  possible  human  surgical  case  that  he  may 
never  find?' 

"  'Certainly,'  replied  the  professor,  '/  insist  upon 
it.  I  say:  Vivisect!  Vivisect!  Vivisect.' 


191 


Vivisection 


"Again,  there  is  a  medical  school  in  this  city  where 
a  few  years  ago  the  collars  of  pet  dogs  have  been  seen. 
The  dogs  had  vanished  in  a  fate  which  no  man  has 
recorded.  Among  these  collars  a  beautiful  silver  one 
was  found;  and  what  this  means  of  tenderness  and  of 
sensitiveness  to  suffering  carried  up  by  love  and  lux- 
ury, you  do  not  need  me  to  explain.  If  it  had  been 
my  dog,  I  should  have  gone  to  the  Criminal  Court 
with  that  collar. 

"Just  here  1  have  a  word  to  say.  The  documentary 
evidence  of  Massachusetts  abuses  in  the  practice  of 
vivisection  has  been  offered  to  your  Legislature  at 
least  for  three  years,  if  this  could  have  been  pre- 
vented by  vivisectionists,  it  would  have  been.  Since  it 
could  not,  the  gospel  of  torment,  according  to  the  vivi- 
sectors,  was  dragged  in  to  interpret  the  evidence. 

' '  A  leading  remonstrant  said  in  this  room  last  win- 
ter: 'But  these  things  have  been  explained.'  I  am 
reminded  of  a  remark  made  by  an  English  woman  of 
society,  who,  being  something  of  a  match-maker, 
wished  to  promote  a  marriage  between  a  lady  of  her 
acquaintance  and  a  prominent  politician.  'But  Mr. 
So-and-so  has  a  wife  already, '  some  one  objected. 
'What  does  that  matter?'  was  the  reply.  'Mr.  Glad- 
stone can  explain  her  away. ' 

"Ah!  gentlemen,  cruelty  can  never  be  explained 
away.  !No  casuistry,  no  subterfuge,  no  physiological 
theory,  no  possible  or  impossible  results,  no  benefits 
to  the  human  race,  proved  or  unproved,  hypothetical 
or  mathematical,  can  explain  away  the  infliction  of 
avoidable  torture  by  the  powerful  upon  the  weak,  by 
the  human  intellect  and  the  human  hand  upon  the 
helpless  body  and  the  dumb  soul. 

' '  Some  time  ago  a  man  wanted  to  kill  a  dog, — his 
own  dog.  He  went  out  in  a  boat  and  threw  the  ani- 
mal into  the  middle  of  the  river.  When  the  poor  thing, 
swimming  for  its  life,  tried  to  get  back  to  its  master, 
he  beat  it  over  the  head  with  an  oar.  The  boat  cap- 
sized, and  the  man,  who  could  not  swim,  was  like  to 
drown.  The  dog  seized  him  by  the  shoulders,  dragged 
him  ashore,  and  saved  his  life.  The  narrator  of  the 
story  says  that  the  man  was  'ashamed  to  look  the  dog 
in  the  face, '  and  made  no  further  attempt  to  mur- 
der it. 


192 


Jonathan  Upglade 


"Professor  John  Bascom,  of  Williams  College,  who, 
by  the  way,  is  one  of  your  petitioners,  has  well  said 
that  we  object  to  vivisection,  not  chiefly  upon,  senti- 
mental or  theoretic  grounds,  but  on  account  of  the 
Europe, '  he  says,  '  men  of  distinguished  ability  have 
monstrous  abuses  that  have  been  associated  with  it.  'In 
seemed  to  revel  in  this  form  of  inquiry.  .  .  .  They 
have  made  it  a  school  of  Nero  in  which  brutality  be- 
came a  passion  of  the  mind.'  Such  a  'passion  of  the 
mind'  does  not  stop,  let  us  remind  you,  with  vivisect- 
ing dogs  and  cats.  If  it  mounts  to  the  human  subject 
— who  knows?  Who  tells? — 'The  operation  waa  per- 
fectly successful,'  a  leading  surgeon  of  this  state  was 
once  heard  to  say,  'the  patient  died  next  day.' 

"Gentlemen,  as  I  reminded  you,  this  is  the  youngest 
of  the  great  moral  crusades.  Time  will  prove  to  you 
that  it  is  not  the  weakest.  Moral  revolutions  which 
have  overturned  society  have  begun  with  less  conse- 
cration and  less  determination  than  are  now  massed, 
the  world  over,  about  this  piteous  cause. 

"Great  passions  may  be  classified  as  divine,  human, 
and  inhuman:  in  the  case  of  this  movement  you  have 
two  of  the  three  against  one,  the  divine  and  the  human 
against  the  inhuman — and  the  alliance  is  strong.  I 
doubt  if  there  is  a  large  cause  stirring  society  to-day 
which  could  more  easily  command  its  martyrs.  One 
English  physician  who  gave  himself  to  it  perished  of 
the  sleeplessness  which  the  study  of  the  subject  brought 
upon  him.  You  have  to  deal  with  subtle  and  powerful 
forces — spiritual  legions  that  may  be  invisible  to  you 
to-day.  But,  like  the  dead  in  the  story,  who  drove  the 
living  out  of  the  city,  because  they  'had  forgotten  the 
true  significance  of  life,' — these  forces  will  overwhelm 
you  to-morrow. 

"The  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  will  enact  a  law 
to  restrict  the  practice  of  vivisection — if  not  this,  then 
perhaps  one  so  much  more  stringent  than  this,  that  if 
I  were  a  vivisectionist,  I  should  further  this  bill  in 
self-defence,  by  every  means  in  my  power.  It  is  only 
a  question  of  time  who  shall  recommend  such  a  bill, 
this  Committee  or  another.  Yours,  gentlemen,  is  the 
opportunity  to  come  halfwav  and  meet  the  inevitable. 
It  is  a  noble  opportunity,  and  one  which  I  envy  you 


193 


Vivisection 

the  chance  to  meet — not  as  the  politicians  of  a  moment, 
but  as  the  creators  of  history. 

"For  this  is  a  historic  question.  It  will  never  be 
answered  till  it  is  answered  right,  and  who  answers  it 
will  be  remembered.  It  cannot  be  overlooked,  it  can- 
not be  undervalued,  it  cannot  be  evaded.  This  move- 
ment has  powerful  friends,  and  it  has  more  powerful 
human  instincts  behind  it.  Perhaps  it  has  fewer  desert- 
ers than  any  great  moral  enthusiasm  now  flying  the 
colors  of  God;  it  may  be  said  that  it  commands  more 
persistent  devotion,  more  consecrated  passion,  more  in- 
articulate popular  sympathy,  than  any  question  which 
the  lawmakers  of  this  Commonwealth  will  be  called 
upon  to  consider  for  the  next  fifty  years. 

"The  other  day  in  Tennessee  a  train  ran  several 
miles  with  the  engineer  dead  at  the  throttle.  There 
are  those  of  us  who  have  so  dedicated  brain  and  heart 
and  hand  to  the  race  with  scientific  cruelty  that,  though 
we  fell  at  our  posts,  the  train  of  humanity  would  speed 
straight  on. 

"You  would  have  to  reckon  with  a  dead  hand  upon 
the  throttle  if  the  pulse  in  the  live  one  should  eease 
to  beat." 

A  person  who  can  read  Mrs.  Ward's  address 
and  not  be  deeply  affected,  must  indeed  be 
sadly  lacking  in  sympathy. 

I  shall  now  read  extracts  from  "A  Clinical 
and  Experimental  Study  of  Massage"  by  a  cer- 
tain doctor  in  Archives  Generates  De  Medicine, 
January  and  February,  1892: — 

"First  Experiment.  Large  watch  dog.  'Extended 
on  the  vivisecting  table  on  its  stomach — the  four  limbs 
and  head  fastened,  but  not  too  tightly.  .  .  With  a 
large  empty  stone  bottle  I  strike  a  dozen  violent  blows 
on  the  thighs.  The  animal,  by  its  cries,  more  and  more 
violent,  indicates  that  the  bruise  is  great,  and  vividly 
felt.' 

is 


194 


Jonathan  Upglade 

' '  Second  Experiment.  Large  hound.  '  The  animal  is 
fixed  like  the  former.  Placing  myself  at  a  certain 
height,  that  my  mallet  may  strike  with  greater  force 
on  the  part  to  be  experimented  upon,  I  give  with  all 
the  strength  of  my  right  arm  twelve  successive  blows 
with  a  great  wooden  mallet,  some  on  the  deltoid,  some 
on  the  shoulder,  some  at  the  back,  some  in  front.  As 
in  the  first  case,  this  dog  indicates  by  his  cries  that 
the  bruises  are  very  painfully  felt,  after  which  he  falls 
into  a  sort  of  sleep,  broken  by  moans,  for  ten  minutes. 
After  this  again  he  awakes  agitated,  and  seems  to 
suffer  more  than  the  first  dog.' 

"Sixth  Experiment,  July  18th,  1890.  A  large  watch 
dog.  'I  try,  at  first  ineffectively,  to  dislocate  the 
shoulder.  I  only  succeed  in  dislocating  the  elbow  and 
in  fracturing  the  right  carpus  by  torsion. '  (Four  days 
afterwards)  'The  animal  is  worse,  has  diarrhrea,  the 
eyes  are  glazed.  .  .  .  It  is  the  more  interesting  to 
see  the  animal  use  his  forepaw,  &c. ' 

' '  Seventh  Experiment.  Large  bitch.  '  We  proceed 
without  anaesthetics,  thinking  that  they  have  nullified 
previous  experiments.  The  animal  is  fastened  on  the 
vivisecting  table.  I  dislocate  successively  both  her 
shoulders,  doing  it  with  some  difficulty.  .  .  .  The 
animal,  which  appears  to  suffer  much,  is  kept  in  a 
condition  of  dislocation  for  about  half  an  hour.  It 
struggles  violently  in  spite  of  its  bonds.  .  .  .  The 
autopsy  shows  that  on  the  left  shoulder  there  had  been 
a  tearing  out  of  the  small  tuberosity  and  of  all  the 
adjoining  skeleton. ' 

"Eighth  Experiment.  Poodle  dog.  .  .  'Eeplaced 
on  the  table  with  chloral;  I  dislocate  his  two  shoulders. 
The  animal  utters  screams  of  suffering;  I  hold  him  for 
twenty  minutes,  with  his  two  shoulders  dislocated  and 
the  elbows  tied  together  behind  his  back.' 


195 


Vivisection 

I  shall  now  read  some  opinions  on  vivisection 
by  eminent  men:— 

GEORGES    CTJVIER,   Author   of   the    well-known   worlc   on 

Natural  History: 

' '  Nature  has  supplied  the  opportunities  of  learning 
that  which  experiments  on  the  living  body  never  could 
furnish.  It  presents  us,  in  the  different  classes  of  ani- 
mals, with  nearly  all  possible  combinations  of  organs, 
and  in  all  proportions.  There  are  none  but  have  some 
description  of  organs  by  which  they  are  made  familiar 
to  us;  and  it  is  only  needful  to  examine  closely  the 
effects  produced  by  the  combinations,  and  the  results 
of  their  partial  or  total  absence,  to  deduce  very  prob- 
able conclusions  as  to  the  nature  and  use  of  each  organ, 
and  of  each  form  of  organ  in  man. ' ' 

EABBI  MAX  WEBTHEIMER,  Ph.  D.,  Minister  Hne  Yeshu- 

run  Temple,  Dayton,   Ohio: 

1 '  To  plead  for  Vivisection  would  be  to  clamor  for 
mediaeval  theology.  If  there  be  anything  in  the  calen- 
dar of  crime  which  faithfully  represents  the  bestial 
passions  of  human  devils  it  is  Vivisection." 

PROF.   W.   8.   TYLER,  D.   D.,  LL.   D.,  Prof,   of  Greek, 

Amherst,  College,  Mass.: 

' '  It  would  seem  impossible  for  any  human  being, 
with  one  spark  of  humanity  in  his  bosom,  to  perform 
such  experiments  in  Vivisection  as  you  have  published 
in  your  circular.  Such  experiments  ought  to  be  pro- 
hibited by  law." 

PROF.  CHAS.  MELLIN  TYLER,  A.  M.,  D.  D.,  Professor  of 
Christian  Ethics,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.: 
"I    am    clearly    of    the    opinion    that    the    gains    to 
science  through  the  practice  of  Vivisection  do  not  com- 
pensate   humanity   for   the    dreadful    sufferings   of   our 


196 


Jonathan  Upglade 


congeners,  the  animals,  and  for  the  cruel  indifference 
to  suffering  that  is  gradually  engendered  in  the  minds 
and  hearts  of  students." 

THE  BIGHT  REV.  JOHN  WILLIAMS,  Episcopal  Bishop  of 

Connecticut : 

"I  hardly  know  words  strong  enough  to  express  my 
utter  abhorrence  of  any  and  all  forms  of  Vivisection, 
while  the  absence  of  any  practical  and  useful  results 
removes  the  only  conceivable  apology  for  it." 

JOHN  SCARBOROUGH,  Bishop  of  New  Jersey: 

"I  am  entirely  opposed  to  Vivisection,  whether  in 
schools  or  in  medical  colleges,  as  a  barbarous  and  cruel 
thing,  unnecessary  and  brutalizing  in  its  tendencies, 
and  utterly  without  excuse." 

DR.  MOORHOUSE,  The  Bishop  of  Manchester: 

"If  a  man  could  hear  with  cold  and  callous  heart 
the  cry  of  the  poor  dog  which  was  suffering  tortures 
caused  and  continued  by  the  experimenter,  that  man 
must  become  more  hard  and  brutal  in  character.  He 
was  gaining  his  knowledge  by  the  degradation  of  his 
moral  character." 

CANON  WILBERFORCE  : 

"I  believe  this  practice  panders  to  the  very  lowest 
part  of  human  nature,  which  is  our  selfishness  engen- 
dered by  fear.  And  when  they  excite  our  terrors,  and 
then  pander  to  this  fear  that  they  have  excited,  and 
tell  us  that  by  the  exhibition  of  a  certain  amount  of 
necessary  cruelty  they  will  be  able  to  relieve  us,  they 
are  degrading  the  human  race." — Speech  in  London, 
June  22,  1892. 

CHARLES  H.  SPUROEON: 

"Christianity  has  raised  the  dog  and  made  him 
man's  companion,  as  it  will  raise  all  the  brute  creation, 
till  the  outrages  of  Vivisection  and  the  cruelties  of  the 


197 


Vivisection 

vulgar    will   be   things   unheard    of,    except   as   horrors, 
of  a  past  barbarous  age." 

ROBERT   BROWNING  : 

"I  would  rather  submit  to  the  worst  of  deaths  so 
far  as  pain  goes  than  have  a  single  dog  or  cat  tortured 
on  the  pretence  of  sparing  me  a  twinge  or  two. ' ' 

CHARLES  EICHET,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology,  Paris : 
"I  do  not  believe  that  a  single  experimenter  says  to 
himself  when  he  gives  Curare  to  a  rabbit,  or  cuts  the 
spinal  cord  of  a  dog,  'Here  is  an  experiment  which 
will  relieve  or  cure  the  disease  of  some  man.'  No,  he 
does  not  think  of  that.  He  says  to  himself,  'I  will 
clear  up  an  obscure  point,  I  will  seek  out  a  new  fact. '  ' ' 
— Bevue  des  Deux  Mondes,  Feb.  15,  1883. 

CARDINAL  MANNING: 

"I  take  the  first  opportunity  that  has  been  offered 
to  me  to  renew  publicly  my  firm  determination,  so  long 
as  life  is  granted  me,  to  assist  in  putting  an  end  to 
that  which  I  believe  to  be  a  detestable  practice  without 
scientific  result,  and  immoral  in  itself.  ...  I  be- 
lieve the  time  has  come,  and  I  only  wish  we  had  the 
power  legally  to  prohibit  altogether  the  practice  of 
Vivisection.  .  .  .  Nothing  can  justify,  no  claim 
of  science,  no  conjectural  result,  no  hope  for  dis- 
covery, such  horrors  as  these.  Also,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  whereas  these  torments,  refined  and  inde- 
scribable, are  certain,  the  result  is  altogether  conject- 
ural— everything  about  the  result  is  uncertain  but  the 
certain  infraction  of  the  laws  of  mercy  and  humanity. ' ' 

Mme.  de  Silva,  Secretary  of  the  International 
League  against  Vivisection,  the  headquarters  of 
which  is  in  Paris,  wrote  to  a  large  number  of 
the  physicians  of  that  city  asking  their  views 


198 


Jonathan  Upglade 

about  vivisection.  I  shall  now  read  some  let- 
ters from  those  who  expressed  themselves  as  op- 
posed to  the  practice: — 

"Madame: 

"Science  changes  its  systems  often.  Why  build  up 
ephemeral  systems  upon  the  most  revolting  cruelty?  Re- 
spect the  sufferings  of  animals. 

* '  GO  YARD. ' ' 

' '  Madame : 

"I  consider  that  vivisection  is  immoral  in  the  high 
est  degree.  It  is  as  useless  as  it  is  immoral,  and  I  con- 
demn it  absolutely.  The  immortal  Hippocrates  never 
vivisected,  yet  he  raised  his  art  to  a  height  that  we 
are  far  from  attaining  today,  in  spite  of  our  pretended 
great  modern  discoveries;  discoveries  which  have,  for 
the  most  part,  the  result  of  introducing  into  medical 
science  extravagant  theories  which  it  will  be  most  diffi- 
cult to  eradicate. 

"SOLIVAS." 

" Dear  Madame: 

"Vivisection  is  useless  in  the  study  of  medical 
science;  in  the  study  of  anatomy,  for  which  the  dis- 
section of'  the  human  corpse  suffices,  and  in  the  study 
of  surgery,  the  practical  operation  on  a  corpse  on  the 
one  hand,  and  the  daily  accidents  in  which  urgent  sur- 
gical aid  is  required,  on  the  other,  being  all  that  is 
necessary  for  the  student. 

"It  is  also  useless  in  the  study  of  physiology,  for,  if 
we  are  to-day  cognizant  of  the  functions  of  the  organs, 
it  is  through  having  treated  them  when  injured.  It  is 
in  the  '  clinique, '  and  not  in  the  vivisecting  room,  that 
we  have  learned  the  physiological  role  which  each  organ 
in  the  human  body  plays. 


199 


Vivisection 

"In  order  to  study  the  action  of  medicinal  matters, 
would  it  for  a  moment  enter  into  the  head  of  a  serious 
practitioner  to  imagine  that  what  passes  in  the  body 
of  a  healthy  animal  would  be  the  same  as  in  that  of  a 
sick  person?  Never! 

"Therefore,  if  vivisection  is  useless,  the  practice  of 
it  is  criminal,  since  it  provokes  suffering  by  which  no 
one  is  benefited. 

"PAQtncr," 

"Doctor-inspector  of  the  Enfanta  Assisfes  de  la 
Seine." 

' '  Madame : 

"From  a  scientific  point  of  view  I  consider  that 
vivisection  cannot  do  otherwise  than  divert  right  judg- 
ment into  error,  the  vivisectionists  operating  upon  the 
healthy  organs  of  animals,  whereas  the  operations  prac- 
ticed upon  man  are  only  done  upon  organs  afflicted 
with  divers  maladies.  As  to  the  moral  point:  no  bene- 
ficial result  for  humanity  can  be  obtained  by  practices 
so  barbarous  and  cruel.  The  only  good  result  which 
could  be  obtained  would  be  to  vivisect  human  beings, 
and  my  advice  to  vivisectors  is  that  they  should  com- 
mence by  operating  upon  each  other. 

"NiCOD." 
' '  Madame : 

' '  My  ideas  coincide  exactly  with  those  of  Dr.  Ph. 
Margchal.  While  studying  medicine  in  the  hospitals, 
I  was  at  one  time  charged  with  the  functions  of  pre- 
paring the  physiological  experiments.  It  was  for  a 
short  time  only,  as  I  could  not  support  the  sense  of 
horror  which  these  vivisections  caused  me.  I  consider 
them  to  be  useless  cruelties.  I  never  learnt  anything 
from  them,  and  I  consider  the  campaign  against  vivi- 
section noble  and  humane. 

"C.  MATHHU." 


200       . 

Jonathan  Upglade 

' '  Madame : 

"I  am  decidedly  hostile  to  vivisection,  of  which  the 
vivisectors  make  an  intolerable  abuse;  for  they  cause 
wretched  dogs,  rabbits,  and  guinea-pigs  to  suffer  in 
order  to  obtain  not  only  problematic  results,  but  those 
which  are  in  no  way  interesting.  Perhaps  in  historical 
times  certain  experiments  may  have  been  justified,  when 
made  by  great  physiologists  with  moderation  and  hu- 
manity. Now  it  is  the  contrary;  vivisection  is  prac- 
ticed even  by  students.  It  is  a  useless  torture,  and  a 
sterile  cruelty. 

' '  EDGAED  HIBTZ.  ' ' 

"Dear  Madame: 

"I  do  not  recognize  the  right  to  destroy  a  living 
organism  except  in  self-defense.  My  reason  for  this 
is  nearly  a  religious  one.  I  condemn  absolutely  vivisec- 
tion, and  not  only  vivisection  but  hunting,  pigeon- 
shooting,  and  all  killing  which  has  only  pleasure  for  its 
end. 

' '  HERVOUET.  ' ' 

' '  Madame : 

"It  is  an  error  to  suppose  that  vivisection  has  given 
any  true  scientific  notions  to  either  surgery  or  medi- 
cine. It  is  quite  the  contrary.  I  have  always  found 
what  are  called  'scientific  experiments'  not  only  strange 
and  inhuman,  but  illusory  and  dangerous,  and  I  am 
astonished  that  all  my  brother  doctors  do  not  recognize 
the  inanity  of  the  'investigations'  as  practiced  by  the 
vivisectionists. 

LEON  MAKCHAND," 
"Antien  Professeur  de  la  Sorbonne." 


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